Being A Sixth Grade Mean Girl - 1499 Words

On Being a Sixth Grade Mean Girl Squeals pierce my eardrums as little girls talk about â€Å"loving† their boyfriends. The overbearing scent of Axe radiates off of every arrogant schoolboy who gallivants across the grounds and stops at my locker. Gossip flutters around me, seducing me into its inescapable vice. Such was Memorial Middle School when I first debuted in August, 2011. Going into sixth grade, I was the most popular girl in school. Although I may have had ebony hair and bubblegum lips, there was no hiding the ugliness of who I was: the meanest girl in school. I hadn’t always been that girl; for two years I was the opposite, a victim of excruciating cruelty. In third grade, I was placed into the Enrichment program, a group of five†¦show more content†¦I loved to read, so I was a nerd; I used words they couldn’t understand, so I was a freak. Soon enough, I started to believe them; by the conclusion of fourth grade, I felt worthless. When I learne d that I would be transferring schools, I saw redemption. That summer, I exchanged novels for magazines; I went on extreme diets to lose weight as if cutting pounds could cut the memories of abuse from my head. Going into fifth grade, I found myself googling â€Å"How to be Normal† in an attempt to abandon my identity; fifteen pounds and a miniskirt later, I had all but done so. By maintaining a facade of â€Å"normalcy†, I became instantly popular, and I gained influence that I had never thought possible. Girls looked to me for advice on everything from boys to hairstyles, and I reveled in my â€Å"superiority†. Thus, when sixth grade arrived, I was a bully; I became the people who had tormented me. I was deliberately vicious, ridiculing anyone who didn’t fit the impossible standard I used to hide my insecurities. I slashed people down and used their broken pieces to repair myself. The girl I had been seemed permanently lost to the monster I had become-u ntil Julia. Julia was everything I secretly longed to be: beautiful, brilliant, and unapologetically compassionate. She was my first friend in Mentor, but I rapidly abandoned her upon realizing that she was â€Å"unpopular†. That is where our contact ended; simply ignoring her meant that no harm came to

Is Stress Necessary in Our Lives - 1290 Words

Is Stress Necessary In Our Lives? Stress is a natural feeling that every person has had to cope with at some point in their life. Stress can be caused by a wide range of different reasons that differs with each person. Since stress is constantly changing there is no right or wrong answer when you say something is stressful. Stress can arise from frustration, an overload of work, life changes, and even uncertainty. The causes of stress can also result in many different symptoms. How an individual handles their stress either mental or physical may be the most important aspect of how beneficial or harmful it may be. In this paper I will present the origin, biology, different types of stress, causes, results, and how to deal with stress in everyday lives in order to live a better life with stress. The origin of stress has said to been around since man. Possibly back then it was the struggle of putting food on the table to survive as now it could range anywhere from writing a term paper to sealing the deal on a dream job. Stress has been integrated into everyones daily life where there is always a certain amount of stress with us, but it becomes noticeable when that tipping point makes us feel stressed. CSHS say that Hans Selye was the one to become credited with the term stress in 1936 from his seminal work â€Å"A Syndrome Produced by Diverse Nocuous Agents†. His work took the well known word stress that was often used in physics which described the force thatShow MoreRelatedTechnology Makes Life Less Stressful Essay1203 Words   |  5 Pagesno idea how to manage. The more technology advances the more it helps make our lives easier, further our understandings of who we as humans, and keeps family and friends closer. These are only a few of the numerous ways technology and less stress go hand in hand, without which we would still be beating on our chests and living in caves. Our technology and the strive to further that technology are what helps our lives become better and more sophisticated. There are critics that claim that GodRead MoreStress, Depression, And Your Immune System909 Words   |  4 PagesStress, Depression, and your Immune System Stress is something that is perceived by individuals as an ordinary occurrence in our everyday life. In this paper I will address how stress can affect us on every level of our being. To this point, anxiety can be and is detrimental to our overall wellbeing if not taken care of properly. This type of stress can cause a strain on our heart, kidneys, and other organs as well. Chronic stress can cause a stroke, heart attack, migraines, depression, and affectRead MoreThe Need For Mindfulness Practices1562 Words   |  7 Pages The Need for Mindfulness Practices in Our Education System Sharereh Vakili Dastjerd Dr. Weldon PSYC 101 December 09, 2014 â€Æ' Sharereh Vakili Dastjerd Dr. Weldon PSYC 101 09 December, 2014 Need of Meditation and Yoga in Our Education System If you are like millions around the world, you may be frustrated with the state of the education system. A system which leaves us in debt, grants degrees that do not guarantee jobs or happiness, earns us only ordinary jobs that are not fulfilling;Read MoreEffects Of Stress Essay1054 Words   |  5 PagesWhat does stress have on health? What makes you feel the tension, pressure, or depressed? If you are a student its a school. Every day an educational routine, such as tests, homework, grades, final exams, and etc., develop lots of stress in students bodies. Teens are always confused what they want to study in the future, which major they want to study, and where to take money for education. All of these makes students stress a lot and cause sleep deprivation. Stress, caused by work, also mayRead MoreKey Elements Of A Stress Management Program1063 Words   |  5 Pages 1. Three things are necessary for stress to occur: a stressor, a perception of stress, and a stress response. The three main elements of a stress management program include the elimination/modification/reduction of the number of stressors, an alteration of our perceptions, and the reduction/modification/control of the stress response. 2. Often, when we think of stress, we automatically think of the bad kind. In all reality, stress isn’t always a bad thing; it is just the body’s response to changesRead MoreWellness in the Corporate Workplace1408 Words   |  6 Pagesnot only invest in the company itself, but in the lives of the people that make their company a great success. Wellness will ensure that the company’s environment is a safe, and the physical needs are met, along with the mental and healthy environment for its employees. Again this will help improve productivity and spend less money on the healthcare industry and not being so concerned about the return on investment for the company, but for lives of their employees that help make the company. ItRead MoreTypes Of Stress And Loss1384 Words   |  6 PagesEveryone at any given age is faced with different types of stress and loss. As human beings we continuously evolve onto the next phase of our lives, which bring on new challenges and stress. Ziegler (2014) indicated that it’s a reminder that â€Å"adult development encompasses both growth and decline† (Ziegler, 2014). Unfortunately, not everyone is equipped to deal with stress, consequently resorting to maladaptive coping skills, such as: self indulging in over eating, smoking, and drinking alcohol.Read MoreThe Anxiety Cure Essay1182 Words   |  5 Pagesbook gives practical advice to change your way of life without depending on medication and psychotherapy as a life-long process, by developing the emotional tranquility and completeness that God desires us to have in our lives. Personality Structure Hart believes a major part of our personality structure lies in the working of the neurotransmitters of the brain. These are the messengers that carry information between different areas of the brain causing some nerves cells to be more simulated andRead MoreThings They Carried – Coping Mechanisms:1529 Words   |  7 PagesThe Things They Carried –Coping Mechanisms to Survive During the Vietnam war, soldiers were not exposed to the traditional coping mechanisms of our American society, as illustrated in Tim Obrien s The Things They Carried. These men were forced to discover and invent new ways to deal with the pressures of war, using only their resources while in the Vietnamese jungle. It was not possible for any soldier to carry many items or burdens with them, but if something was a necessity, a way wasRead MorePressure And Shame : Is Not A Necessary Step Towards Learning? Essay1051 Words   |  5 PagesTremendous pressure and shame, as well as a level of anxiety are generated by the attitude seeing failing as a flaw and a weakness, not a necessary step towards learning. Wrong answers tell you what you need to learn; figuring out why your answer was wrong teaches you. Students are afraid of trying new things they might not succeed at. And because of that, creativity, curiosity, critical thinking and true learning no longer exist in the society. Which m eans no more invention or creation. It seems

Strategy and Organizational Structure Accounting

Question: Discuss about the Strategy and Organizational Structure Accounting. Answer: Introduction In this report, an attempt is made to apply the concept of Activity Based Costing system to solve th4 requirement of the case. In this, case the Genre Company is a manufacturer of two types of products advanced and basic. The aim of this report is to calculate the overhead rates using traditional methods. The product cost per unit and the price to be charged is also calculated in the report. Further, the cost per activity pool and the cost per unit of the products using ABC system is also used. Lastly in the report the benefits of the Activity Based costing System is also discussed. Analysis of the cost of the product The above tables shows the production costs per unit for the basic as well as advanced products as it is calculated by using traditional costing method and activity-based costing methods (Shields, 2013). In other words, the above calculated costs highlight the problems that take place because of improper overhead calculation. This is the reason why basic product costs arrives at $ 396.40 by using traditional costing method that is much lower as compared from the actual costs amounting to $ 504.30. This reveals the fact that the cost of products is understated. Advanced product, on the other hand is overstated than its actual cost by using activity-based costing method that arrives at $ 181.34 that is lower as compared under traditional costing method amounting to $ 202.92 (Krumwiede, 2014). Benefits of Activity Based Costing ABC (Activity-Based Costing) Method proves to be one of the vital overhead allocation methods that are used in and across the world (Gosselin, 2015). Addition to that, this method allocates the manufacturing overheads aligning with different product lines in a precise way after comparing it with traditional costing method. ABC Method involves the overhead costs that is classified under conducting activities whereby there is incur of costs by the individuals. Therefore, allocation of costs of products will be as per the proportions whereby products are connected aligning with specified activities (Shields, 2013). Some of the benefits of Activity-based costing methods are listed below: Accurate Costing- Activity-based costing method majorly focus on understanding the concept of cause and effects of cost whereby it allocates the overheads in an effective way. This method help in determining the total production cost in an accurate way after comparing it with traditional method of costing (Drury, 2016). Proper Computation of Selling Prices- As far as multi-products is concerned; it becomes difficult in predicting the selling price for each product. This is because of presence of many common overhead costs at the same time. ABC method lf costing help in allocating these types of common overhead from other products in accurate proportions as well as assist ways for computing the selling price in proper manner (Cooper and Kaplan, 2013). Control of Overheads- Activity-based costing will distribute the overhead allocation into various products or departments. In other words, this method is used by the departmental managers for controlling the overhead costs in the most effective way (Brimson, 2015). In this particular case, Genre Company involves in allocating the total overhead cost in terms of direct labor hours by using traditional costing method (Shields, 2013). This is where individual costs do not get related with the direct labor hours. In this, it is mentioned that production costs of basic as well as advanced products have less costs than the other method of costing. This will lead to scenario when management find ways in setting higher selling prices especially for advanced product. Therefore, in case the competitors use the products for selling at low rates then it will give rise to competition to the company (Gosselin, 2015). It is important to understand the fact that companies adopting traditional method will be able to sell their products at lower costs as well as compete with their competitors. On the contrary, Genre Company uses Activity-based costing that will help in reducing the cost of the product by way of cost allocation based on related activities as well as determining proper selling price. Therefore, Activity-based costing is beneficial for Genre Company as they can sell their products at lower rates as well as involve in intense competition at the same time (Shields, 2013). Conclusion The above report shows the calculation of cost under both tradition and ABC costing system. Based on the above discussion and understanding the benefits of ABC system it can be concluded ABC system is better than the traditional costing system. Reference List Ahadiat, N., 2013. In search of practice-based topics for management accounting education.Available at SSRN 2355853. Brimson, J.A., 2015. Activity accounting: an activity-based costing approach (Vol. 14). Wiley. Cooper, R. and Kaplan, R.S., 2013. Profit priorities from activity-based costing. Harvard business review, 69(3), pp.130-135. Drury, C., 2016. Activity-based costing. In Management and Cost Accounting (pp. 273-288). Springer US. Gosselin, M., 2015. The effect of strategy and organizational structure on the adoption and implementation of activity-based costing. Accounting, organizations and society, 22(2), pp.105-122. Kaplan, R.S. and Atkinson, A.A., 2015.Advanced management accounting. PHI Learning. Krumwiede, K.R., 2014. The implementation stages of activity-based costing and the impact of contextual and organizational factors. Journal of management accounting research, 10, p.239. Otley, D. and Emmanuel, K.M.C., 2013.Readings in accounting for management control. Springer. Quinn, M., 2014. Stability and change in management accounting over timeA century or so of evidence from Guinness.Management Accounting Research,25(1), pp.76-92. Renz, D.O., 2016.The Jossey-Bass handbook of nonprofit leadership and management. John Wiley Sons. Shields, M.D., 2013. An empirical analysis of firms' implementation experiences with activity-based costing. Journal of Management Accounting Research, 7, p.148.

Like the Molave free essay sample

MILITARY AIRCRAFT A military aircraft is any fixed-wing or rotary-wing aircraft that is operated by a legal or insurrectionary armed service of any type Military aircraft can be either combat or non-combat: Combat aircraft are aircraft designed to destroy enemy equipment using their own armament. Combat aircraft are normally developed and procured only by military forces. Non-combat aircraft are aircraft not designed for combat as their primary function, but may carry weapons for self-defense. resume writing service for government jobs These mainly operate in support roles, and may be developed by either military forces or civilian organizations. To control and maneuver the aircraft, smaller wings are located at the tail of the plane. The tail usually has a fixed horizontal piece, called the horizontal stabilizer, and a fixed vertical piece, called the vertical stabilizer. The stabilizers job is to provide stability for the aircraft, to keep it flying straight. The vertical stabilizer keeps the nose of the plane from swinging from side to side, which is called yaw. We will write a custom essay sample on Like the Molave or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The horizontal stabilizer prevents an up-and-down motion of the nose, which is called pitch. (On the Wright brothers first aircraft, the horizontal stabilizer was placed in front of the wings. Such a configuration is called a canard after the French word for duck). The first aircraft flight was made by the Wright Brothers I 1903, it lasted only 12 seconds and covered 120 feet (37 meters) but it proven that a man could build and fly a heavier-than-air machine. In 1909, the first military aircraft in history was delivered to the Signal Corpse. This aircraft, like the original Wright Brothers’ flying machine, was a pusher-type design (its engine was behind the pilot and in front of the propellers) with a 30 horsepower engine, skids for landing, and room enough for a two man crew. By the end of the 1914, pusher-type aircraft had been condemned in favor of the tractor type design, in which the engine was mounted in the front of the pilot and behind the propeller. After that may changes were made in an effort to gain a bit more speed. Combat aircraft (warplanes) divide broadly into fighters and bombers. There are several variations between the fighter and the bomber, including fighter-bombers, such as the MiG-23, ground-attack aircraft, such as the Soviet Ilyushin Il-2 Shturmovik. Also included among combat aircraft are long-range maritime patrol aircraft, such as the Hawker Siddeley Nimrod and the S-3 Viking that are often equipped to attack with anti-ship missiles and anti-submarine weapons. The main role of fighters is destroying enemy aircraft in air-to-air combat, offensive or defensive. Many are fast and highly maneuverable. Escorting bombers or other aircraft is also a common task. They are capable of carrying a variety of weapons, including machine guns, cannons, rockets and guided missiles. Many modern fighters can attack enemy fighters from a great distance, before the enemy even sees them. Examples of air superiority fighters include the F-22 Raptor and the MiG-29. WWII fighters include the Spitfire, the P-51 Mustang and Bf 109. An example of an interceptor (a fighter designed to take-off and quickly intercept and shoot down enemy planes) would be the MiG-25. An example of a heavy fighter is the Messerschmitt Bf 110. The term fighter is also sometimes applied to aircraft that have virtually no air-air capability – for example the A-10 ground-attack aircraft is operated by USAF Fighter squadrons. Bombers are normally larger, heavier, and less maneuverable than fighter aircraft. They are capable of carrying large payloads of bombs. Bombers are used almost exclusively for ground attacks and not fast or agile enough to take on enemy fighters head-to-head. A few have a single engine and require one pilot to operate and others have two or more engines and require crews of two or more. A limited number of bombers, such as the B-2 Spirit, have stealth capabilities that keep them from being detected by enemy radar. An example of a conventional modern bomber would be the B-52 Stratofortress. An example of a WWII bomber would be a B-17 Flying Fortress. Bombers include light bombers, medium bombers, heavy bombers, dive bombers, and torpedo bombers. The U. S. Navy and Marines have traditionally referred to their light and medium bombers as attack aircraft. Air force missions require short-, medium-, and long range transports. The C-130 Hercules can haul up to 36,500 pounds (16,500 kg) of cargo, be readily converted into an ambulance, or be modified for special duty such as high altitude mapping, weather reconnaissance, search and rescue, flight refueling, ferrying fuel to advance bases, and ski operations in arctic regions. Military transport (logistics) aircraft are primarily used to transport troops and war supplies. Cargo can be attached to pallets, which are easily loaded, secured for flight, and quickly unloaded for delivery. Cargo also may be discharged from flying aircraft on parachutes, eliminating he need for landing. Including aerial tankers; these planes can refuel other aircraft while in flight. An example of a transport aircraft is the C-17 Globemaster III. A WWII example would be the C-47. An example of a tanker craft would be the KC-135 Stratotanker. Helicopters and gliders can transport troops and supplies to areas where other aircraft would be unable to land. Calling a military aircraft a cargo plane is incorrect, because military transport planes also carry paratroopers and other soldiers. Helicopters deserve special mention as military aircraft. They are unexcelled for rescue work and for delivery of people and material to otherwise inaccessible areas. Some helicopters are armed and serve as attack aircraft, providing gun and rocket fire against ground targets. Other helicopters deliver assault troops to advanced combat areas and supply them with ammunition and other needs. Special-purpose research aircraft are occasionally designed, assembled, and tested in order to experiment with advanced aerodynamic, structural, avionic, or propulsion concepts that must be validated before they can be applied to other aircraft designs. Research aircraft are usually well instrumented, with performance data telemetered on radio-frequency data links to ground stations located at the test ranges where they are flown. Several countries are developing vertical takeoff and landing. Experimental techniques include the use of wings that can tilt 90 degrees from the horizontal to vertical or any position in between, engines that tilt while attached to fixed wings, helicopter blades that can be folded and stowed while the aircraft is in forward conventional flight, buried jet engines whose exhaust can be directed downward of from the rear, and combination of all of these. As of now the high cost of developing new military aircraft has resulted in cooperative efforts among the various European NATO countries. Teams of designers from several countries have worked together to develop and build aircraft to be used by the armed services of all NATO partners.

Social Groups essays

Social Groups essays There are various social groups in our school and town. They form into different types of groups. Some of these are grouped by racial background, athletic abilities, hobbies, and intelligence. Usually racial groups, people of the same race stay together. There are a mediocre amount of athletic ability groups. Most of them are from schools and are organized gangs. They usually play games or some type of sport together. People who have the same hobbies frequently stay together and do what they all enjoy. Generally, these groups do not commit crimes. Groups grouped by intelligence are usually come from school. People with the same amount of intelligence stay together. People in these different groups interact most of time within there own groups. Usually groups that do not commit crime usually play games, sports or help each other. Sometimes there are fights within the group. Fights are not frequent among members of different groups although they can happen. The fights include physical and verbal fights. The most common are verbal fights. Rarely do physical fights occur between gangs and groups in our community. Most organized gangs use verbal fights or a game to determine who is better. After a long and tiring fight, many changes can occur to the members of the gang. Personality and feelings can be changed greatly. Members of the group could have once been enemies to another but then they might feel pity for those they have beaten. We humans are born to socialize. It is very important to be in a social group. People in the social groups are friends and it is very important to have friends. A good social group can make you have a good reputation. In addition, the school or town can be famous for it too. Members usually join willingly most of the time if the group is good. However, sometimes members are forced to join. People make other people join by threatening or offering them. ...

Sui Dynasty Emperors of China

Sui Dynasty Emperors of China During its short reign, Chinas Sui Dynasty reunited northern and southern China for the first time since the days of the early Han Dynasty  (206 BCE - 220 CE). China had been mired in the instability of the Southern and Northern Dynasties period until it was unified by Emperor Wen of Sui.  He ruled from the traditional capital at Changan (now called Xian), which the Sui renamed Daxing for the first 25 years of their reign, and then Luoyang for the last 10 years. Accomplishments of the Sui Dynasty The Sui Dynasty brought a great number of improvements and innovation to its Chinese subjects.  In the north, it resumed work on the crumbling Great Wall of China, extending the wall and shoring up the original sections as a hedge against nomadic Central Asians.  It also conquered northern Vietnam, bringing it back under Chinese control. In addition, Emperor Yang ordered the construction of the Grand Canal, linking Hangzhou to Yangzhou and north to the Luoyang region.  Although these improvements may have been necessary, of course, they required a huge amount of tax money and compulsory labor from the peasantry, which made the Sui Dynasty less popular than it might otherwise have been. In addition to these large-scale infrastructure projects, the Sui also reformed the land-ownership system in China. Under the Northern Dynasties, aristocrats had amassed large tracts of agricultural land, which was then worked by tenant farmers.  The Sui government confiscated all of the lands, and redistributed it evenly to all of the farmers in what is called the equal field system.  Each able-bodied male received about 2.7 acres of land, and able-bodied women received a smaller share.  This boosted the Sui Dynastys popularity somewhat among the peasant class but angered the aristocrats who were stripped of all their property.   Mysteries of the Time and Culture The second ruler of Sui, Emperor Yang, may or may not have had his father murdered.  In any case, he returned the Chinese government to the Civil Service Examination system, based on the work of Confucius.  This angered the nomadic allies that Emperor Wen had cultivated, because they did not have the tutoring system necessary to study Chinese classics, and thus were blocked from attaining government posts. Another cultural innovation of the Sui era as the governments encouragement of the spread of Buddhism.  This new religion had recently moved into China from the west, and the Sui rulers Emperor Wen and his empress converted to the Buddhism before the conquest of the south.  In 601 CE, the emperor distributed relicts of the Buddha to temples around China, following in the tradition of Emperor Ashoka of Mauryan India. The Short Run of Power In the end, the Sui Dynasty only held on to power for about 40 years.  In addition to angering every one of its constituent groups with the different policies mentioned above, the young empire bankrupted itself with an ill-planned invasion of the Goguryeo Kingdom, on the Korean Peninsula.  Before long, men were crippling themselves to avoid being conscripted into the army and sent to Korea.  The huge cost in money and in men killed or injured proved the Sui Dynastys undoing.   After Emperor Yangs assassination in 617 CE, three additional emperors ruled over the next year and a half as the Sui Dynasty crumbled and fell. The Sui Dynasty Emperors of China Emperor Wen, personal name Yang Jian, the Kaihuang Emperor, ruled 581-604Emperor Yang, personal name Yang Guang, the Daye Emperor, r. 604-617Emperor Gong, personal name Yang You, the Yining Emperor, r. 617-618Yang Hao, no era name, r. 618Emperor Gong II, Yang Tong, the Huangtai Emperor, r. 618-619 For more information, see the complete list of Chinese dynasties.

The Telephone Technology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

The Telephone Technology - Essay Example Subscribers who wanted to communicate with more than one point had to obtain and set up as many pairs of telephones as the number of communicating points. Telephone technology was restricted to domestic lines. It was Western Union which first used telephone exchanges to interconnect individual subscribers in 1878. Alexander Graham Bell’s Bell Telephone Company was quick to incorporate the concept of telephone exchanges. Though the Bell Telephone Company was supposed to have monopolized the telephone business for more than 15 years since its invention, there were nevertheless as many as 1,730 telephone companies operating during the period. In the initial days, the most serious contender tot Bell’s monopoly was Western Union which had bought patents from others who had designed variations of Bell’s original principle of telephone, and had created the American Telephone Company as early as in December 1877. Had Bell not own the patent infringement case against Western Union in the Supreme Court of America in 1879, Western Union, with its large telegraph network already in place, was poised to overtake the Bell Telephone Company within a very short period of time. The American Telephone and Telegraph Company was set up in 1885 to provide long-distance service to American Bell Company subscribers. The Bell Telephone Company had been expanded and rechristened the American Bell Company in the meantime. The first automatic commercial exchange began operating in 1892. By the turn of the century, independent telephone companies were fast overtaking the American Bell Company. In 1889 the first public coin telephone had been set up in Hartford, Connecticut. These were attended payphones with the payment collected by someone standing at hand. The invention of the electron tube in 1906 by Lee De Forest made amplification possible and led the way to national phone service. The subsequent development

A Web Site Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

A Web Site - Essay Example Once a user is logged in, he is presented an array of interests in the form of multiple pictures. Each picture contains a title word that relates to the interest that is depicted in pictorial form. Most photos contain deeply rich colors that are both appealing and relaxing to the eyes. Below this arrangement of pictures appears a bar that is indicator of the progress that a user makes while selecting the pictures to demonstrate one’s areas of interest. That background of the page is plain; a feature that ensures undivided attention of the user on the interests that are presented before him. Pinterest serves the purpose of keeping track of the interests that a user displays during his activities on the internet. User’s dashboard is divided into five columns which is an extremely clever arrangement as it allows presentation of maximum information on the display screen at any moment. However, the columns may not be scrolled up or down individually; a feature that may possibly add to convenience of use. On top of the page is a horizontal bar that provides the option to search for interests or people while using Pinterest. This bar is static / frozen and does not scroll when the user scrolls the page. The purpose is to make it readily available for use whenever the need arises. Since information in Pinterest is derived from multiple sources on the Web, no specific color scheme can be followed here. However, as the user moves around using his touchpad or mouse, three main options appear on each element of interest that is shown. These include ‘Pin It’, ‘Send’ or ‘favorite’. Since the purpose of website is to keep track of the interests of users, these options provide ease of use that is extraordinary. Overall, the site appears to be extremely dynamic; new interest related information is presented every time the page is refreshed. Additionally, Pinterest presents the source of information

The most successful stage effects and language techniques used to create dramatic tension Essay Example for Free

The most successful stage effects and language techniques used to create dramatic tension Essay Introduction Macbeth is at first seen as a courageous soldier who is loyal to his King, he and the King have a close relationship, the King loves him almost like a son. So, why should he murder the man who thinks so fondly of him? I believe Macbeth to be an intelligent man but he is corrupted, by his own ambition, greed and by his wife Lady Macbeth. Lady Macbeth initially appears as a kind wife but we soon learn underneath lies a scheming and manipulative woman. We see Lady Macbeth take control of the situation as Macbeths weaknesses begin to unfold. Macbeths character dramatically changes as this scene progresses as the realization of what he has done dawns on him, he becomes more and anxious and hysterical, everything troubles him; Whence is that knocking? How ist with me, when every noise appalls me? The scene begins with Lady Macbeth anxiously waiting for her husbands return, tension is created because we are unable to see or hear Macbeths actions. This is an example of Shakespeares skill with stagecraft. Lady Macbeth pretends to be in control of the situation when in actual fact she is far from in control. This is given away by her reaction to An owl Shrieks; Hark, peace! It was the owl that striekd, the fatal bellman. Which gives the sternst good-night. He is about it. The sound of the owl is a simple but effective stage effect, creating tension. This is because the owl shrieks symbolised the night watchman who would ring the bell outside the cells of prisoners condemned to death. A 16th century audience would have been recognised what Shakespeare meant, creating an image in peoples minds building up more suspense within the play. Lady Macbeth also says; I heard the owl scream and the crickets cry Crickets were also believed by the Elizabethans to be the messenger of death, which is another effective stagecraft using imagery. I believe the mention of the owl also symbolises darkness, as the owl is a creature of the night, giving the scene a darker more chilling edge. Macbeth crys out Whos there? What ho? This offstage noise leaves the audience thinking that Macbeth has been caught Shakespeare uses monosyllabic language in this quote to enhance the feelings of urgency and panic, which is a good use of language to create dramatic tension. Lady Macbeth does not immediately see her husband, this could be because of the imagery of darkness or maybe because Macbeth enters elsewhere. She hears his cry and doubts him; she thinks he has disturbed someone Alack, Im afraid they have awakd, And tis not done; thattempt and not the deed Confounds us. Hark! I laid their daggers ready, He could not miss em. There is urgency and panic in her speech and a sense of desperation, this creates dramatic tension for the audience as you can feel Lady Macbeths worry. Macbeths anxiety prevents him from going back to the scene of the murder Ill go no more. I am afraid to think what I have done; Look ont again, I dare not. Lady Macbeth shows here frustration (anxiety) at Macbeths attitude and takes the daggers from Macbeth Infirm of purpose! Give me the daggers. The sleeping and the dead Are but pictures; tis the eye of childhood That fears a painted devil. It is obvious from this quote that Lady Macbeth is angry with Macbeth, she is in a rage, probably because she to struggling to stay in control of the situation and because the thought of them both being discovered scares her. She is however under the infuence of alcohol, so has courage That which hath made them drunk, hath made me bold; to take the daggers back. She views Macbeth as being week minded and childish. This allows Shakespeare to take Lady Macbeth from the stage and create another stage effect leaving Macbeth to become even more hysterical. He is standing in the courtyard where anyone could catch him generating more tension. Then there is a knock at the gate, which makes the already jumpy Macbeth even worse; Whence is that knocking? How ist with me, when every noise appals me? The knocking gives the audience reader a feeling that the discovery of the murder is only being delayed by Macbeths anxious talk. What hands are here? Ha: they pluck out mine eyes. Will all great neptunes ocean wash this blood Clean from my hand? No: this my hand will rather The multitudinous seas incarnadine, Making the green one red. In this quote Shakespeare applies the imagery blood. This has connotations of treason, guilt, murder and death. Macbeth wants to cleanse his hands from the blood to rid him of any evidence connecting him to the murder and perhaps clear his troubled mind. Also the punctuation Shakespeare uses makes Macbeth seem even more troubled as he talks to him self. The use of colons makes it seem as if Macbeth is having an argument within himself almost verging on schizophrenia. Shakespeares use of language and structure manages to create tension throughout this act. He manages to gradually build up stage effects and language little by little, increasing the use of monosyllabic language and imagery taking the reader/audience on a roller coaster of emotions. His use of language and effects in the right places helps the characters and the play to become really believable. I believe this scene is designed with the sole intention of creating tension and to make the reader/audience believe the Macbeth will be caught, creating dramatic tension for the acts which follow.

The statesman :: essays research papers

Final Paper.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The concept of written laws and their place in government is one of the key points of discussion in the Platonic dialog the Statesman. In this philosophical work, a dialog on the nature of the statesmanship is discussed in order to determine what it is that defines the true statesman from all of those who may lay claim to this title. This dialog employs different methods of dialectic as Plato begins to depart from the Socratic method of argumentation. In this dialog Socrates is replaced as the leader of the discussion by the stranger who engages the young Socrates in a discussion about the statesman. Among the different argumentative methods that are used by Plato in this dialog division and myth play a central role in the development of the arguments put forth by the stranger as he leads the young Socrates along the dialectic path toward the nature of the statesman. The statesman is compared to a shepherd or caretaker of the human â€Å"flock.† The conclus ion that comes from division says that the statesman is one who: Issues commands (with a science) of his own intellect over the human race. This is the first conclusion that the dialog arrives at via the method of division. The dialog, however, does not end here as the stranger suggests that their definition is still wanting of clarity because there are still some (physicians, farmers, merchants, etc†¦) who would lay claim to the title of shepherds of humanity. For this reason a new approach to the argument must be undertaken: â€Å"then we must begin by a new starting-point and travel by a different road† (Statesman 268 D.)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This new approach that is taken in their search for a definition of the statesman leads the stranger to use myth in order to show young Socrates what it is that the shepherd of the human flock does. It is in the development of this myth that it is shown why the statesman can be separated from many of those who would lay claim to his title. The myth that is used by Plato in this dialog revolves around the idea of the world as being a living creature.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the myth that is introduced the existence of the world is divided into two epochs, the Age of Kronos and the Age of Zeus. As the myth goes the world is endowed with motion, but alone it cannot move eternally.

Sabah Issue

The armed intrusion into Sabah by Sulu terrorists is a blow to the progress of the BIMP-EAGA (Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines-East Asean Growth Area (BIMP-EAGA), says BIMP-EAGA Malaysia Business Council chairman Datuk Roselan Johar Mohamed. Expressing profound dismay over the incident, he called on BIMP-EAGA member countries to go back to the original status quo, focusing more on accelerating economic development in the four countries in a safe and conducive manner.Quoting the age-old saying â€Å"we cannot negotiate if you are pointing a gun at me†, Roselan said that it was true in the context of the sub-regional grouping, which was launched in 1994. â€Å"We must all retract and go back to the drawing board, rethink and revisit our strategy and go back to the negotiating table,† he told Bernama.Roselan was commenting on the recent statement by Former Philippines’ President Fidel Ramos with regard to the standoff in Lahad Datu in the east coast of Sabah , that the BIMP-EAGA should be revived by the countries concerned as the grouping was the key to improve the people’s conditions in south Philippines, Borneo Island and adjacent areas. â€Å"The BIMP-EAGA is the win-win strategy if we are looking from the perspective of a better, more prosperous, more peaceful, more harmonious and more sustainable future for all peoples,† Ramos was quoted as saying.Ramos said the potentials of the BIMP-EAGA were so great that even foreign local governments such as Australia’s Northern Territory and Western Australia states had joined the grouping as associates. Ramos said that during his administration, he tried to set up a corporation that would develop the BIMP-EAGA sub-region. The company is to be jointly run by Malaysia, the Sulu Sultanate’s heirs and private sector partners.The company’s revenue can substitute the annual RM5,300 as the rent to the sultanate’s heirs, Ramos said. In this respect, Roselan acknowledged Ramos’ role in the establisment of BIMP-EAGA, saying that the Former Philippines’ President was both vocal and wise when he initiated the BIMP-EAGA concept together with Malaysia’s former Prime Minister Tun Dr Mahathir Mohamad.

Muet

Extracurricular activities are a good chance for every student to improve himself/herself in many different ways. These activities are offered by educational establishments, but they are far more interesting than common lessons. In SMKPJ, the MUET drama festival had became one of the compulsory activities for all the Lower Six students. As one of the participants in MUET drama festival, I strongly agree that the MUET drama festival should be made as a yearly event for the Lower Six students. The MUET drama competition had contributed many benefits to the students. Drama competition is a tremendous way to build confidence.By overcoming innate fear of speaking in front of others, they are stepping outside of your comfort zone in a very healthy way. The skills you acquire translate to increased confidence in the their life as well as improved communication skills with others. If the ‘old one' suffered from doubt and anxiety, they will find it gradually replaced by a new self image . In this one they will see themselves standing tall, talking easily and communicating well. Besides that, the involvement in the group activity and interaction with other people develops students' socializing skills and they become more open with people.Putting themselves forward makes it easier for you to meet others. The increase in sociability which is a crucial ability for personal development and an important criteria for job interviews in their future. People's ability to make friends or to become a part of a group promotes self-confidence and creates a better atmosphere of liability among people. Moreover, the drama competition requires students to embody various characters with situations, personalities and life style which vastly different from the student's own.In order to portray the character realistically, students have to find ways to relate themselves with the character. This practice of putting themselves in someone else's shoes enhances students' ability to empathi ze with people in their personal lives and promotes compassion and tolerance for others. Furthermore, participating in drama competitions requires great reserves of imagination. The drama requires students to make creative choice, think of new ideas, and interpret familiar materials in new ways . It is a fun way of challenging students to think quickly, to act on impulse and to react to their surroundings.The consistent practice of using their imagination can translate into success at other art forms as well as creative problem solving skills. As Albert Einstein said,† imagination is more important than knowledge. † Last but not least, through drama, students learn different forms of communication which help in developing language and communication skill. They are encouraged to express themselves both verbally and through facial expressions and body language. It improves the voice projection, articulation of words, fluency with language and persuasive speech which is key to making them better and more effective communicators.Subsequently, the listening and observation skills are developed through the process of rehearsing, performing and even being an audience which other groups were performing. In conclusion, it is important that the MUET drama festival should be continued organized and make it as one of the traditions of SMKPJ. I hopes that not only the Form Six students but the whole school includes all the students and teachers should give their supports to the drama festival. Thus, the MUET drama festival can be held successfully every year.

The Ultimate Gift Essay Essay Example

The Ultimate Gift Essay Essay Example The Ultimate Gift Essay Paper The Ultimate Gift Essay Paper Geting a gift is one of the many and fantastic worlds of life. Gift may be obtained from many beginnings and is given for assorted grounds hence its value is something that is treasured. However. beyond the touchable nature of gift are the significantly indispensable experiences and lessons that an person is able to deduce from it. Hence. gift affects the life of the receiver as it elicits different feelings and consequences to unmeasurable deductions. The complexness of today’s modern universe. nevertheless. manifests that gift is more apprehended by its virtue or how it is able to leave of import life messages. This is because it is merely through an effectual and traveling manifestation of life worlds and lessons that people are able to hold on the true significance or principle behind gift-giving. Gifts come in many ways. More valued than the material gifts are those that are given chiefly with an purpose to alter the life and values of the receiver. A concrete word picture of such status is the gift which was merely obtained by its receiver after he experienced a ambitious journey. The said travel is required in order for the individual to finally acquire his ultimate gift. En path to his finish. the adult male is in chase and able to happen himself therefore later offered a portion of him to others. In making so. the gifts which he obtained are the really same gifts that he offered and benefited the other receivers. Jim Stovall’s ( 2007 ) book titled â€Å"The Ultimate Gift† exemplified such status of gift-giving wherein the receiver had his personal realisation of the beauty of life. This acknowledgment of the value of gift itself and its worthwhile effects to one’s life made the chief receiver to adhere to a demand to portion the gifts he received intentionally to besides impact the lives of other people. The Ultimate Gift. an Overview Stovall’s symbolical and inspirational novel presented the character of a spoilt immature adult male named Jason Stevens who. neer in his life. experient life’s challenges until the decease of his great uncle – the affluent patriarch Howard â€Å"Red† Stevens ( Stovall ) . Jason is every bit avaricious as the remainder of the Stevens kin therefore the reading of the last will and testament of the asleep patriarch was intentionally done by lawyer-friend Theodore Hamilton in a manner that Jason will be left responsible to carry through the earnest hope of Red to work and seek for the ultimate gift. The fact that there is nil particular about Jason. being the great nephew of Red. made the latter choice him from among the full Stevens household and entrust him with a one billion dollar trust fund. However. Jason’s luck is hard-earned because before eventually acquiring his one million millions. he is required to carry through a status incorporating around 12 undertakings or duties which he needs to detect for himself and finally do for others. As Jason started his journey. he accidentally discovered the worlds and lessons of life by necessarily sing the many gifts of life until he was eventually faced with the ultimate gift which tells of the relationship between wealth and felicity ( Stovall 19 ) . Red’s designed program for Jason has proven its worth as the life and destiny of a antecedently irresponsible adult male. who anticipated that he will easy collects and spends his one million millions of heritage. was changed by a year-long challenge. As the singled-out and â€Å"the last trace of hope in the Stevens household. † ( Stovall 22 ) Jason was perceived by Red as the 1 who can light and turn something into a bally chase for the true significance of the gifts of life ( Stovall 22 ) . The patriarch’s attempts were non lost as Jason in the terminal. was reformed and shared the several gifts of life which he discovered and experienced. Last. Jason finally realized that the ultimate gift is the gift of love and felicity which merely the Creator can supply and which can merely be achieved when shared with others. Life Realities. Lessons and Gifts Stovall’s â€Å"The Ultimate Gift† is a concrete manifestation that jobs in life can be grounds or evidences for people to joy. In fact. life crisis can be taken as an chance or may really be a gift merely in camouflage. This is what the narrative of Jason has manifested. The disputing worlds enabled Jason to larn his lessons in life and finally acquire his ultimate gift – a gift which is intangible and that even a one billion dollar worth of trust fund can non embrace. The determination of helper Red to put aside a particular gift for Jason. which the latter can merely accomplish upon completion of a challenge. was worthwhile. This is because Jason was non merely faced with the worlds of life but learned life lessons as good and eventually got the ultimate gift. Due to the patriarch’s wisdom and love. he did non do Jason an instant billionaire and alternatively brought out the best in him being the lone staying leftover of hope for the Stevens kin ( Nuzzo ) . With Hamilton’s supervising. Red’s ultimate gift was handed over to Jason who subsequently learned of the inside informations of his great uncle’s program through a series of pre-recorded messages. The videotapes informed Jason of the challenge which he needs to make or carry through. In making so. Jason is faced with a sequence of trials which finally unleashed him on a hero-like mythic travel in hunt or chase of his ultimate gift. During the journey. Jason encountered jobs which challenged his beliefs. The obstructions. nevertheless. enabled Jason to turn and maturate piece at the same clip discovered the true significance and important of a well-lived being in this universe. The readers may happen the recorded messages and directives as excessively engineered. Fortunately for Red. the program had its intent while for Jason. it served as a worthwhile tool for his personal waking up and eventual realisation of the sugariness of accomplishing the ultimate gift. A critical analysis of the Stovall book explains the ground behind how the populace is swept off in the personal journey of Jason. This is because the readers. like Jason. are directed towards the chase and accomplishment of life’s ultimate gifts. The book. through Jason’s journey. is like a manifestation of life worlds. challenges. lessons where in the terminal lies or offers an resistless gift. In fact. the Stovall novel did non present major surprises or some enigmas. This is because simple worlds are normally the most brooding and at all times deserving retrieving ( Nuzzo ) . The narrative unconsciously presented the being of God and His gifts because it established the rule that life is the ultimate gift from the Creator. However. Stovall wrote the book in such a manner that it did non attest any signifier of religious philosophy or tenet. This is because the book’s worlds. lessons and gifts are general in nature. Additionally. the nucleus values and messages of life are relevant to individuals of any religious association and even to those with no spiritual association ( Nuzzo ) . One manifestation of the lesson learned by Jason is how he spent his $ 1. 500 net incomes. Not merely did Jason was able to work for his money but he besides discovered the gift of sharing it sagely with people who are in demand ( Stovall 44-46 ) . This portion showed how Jason got the ultimate gift which represented a moral motive every bit good as a important mode to relay nucleus values. rules and memorable life events which are decidedly needed by people. Decision The realisation of life lessons. which allowed Jason Stevens to value and use the many gifts that he acquired from his year-long challenge. has proven to be the ultimate gift that the asleep Red Stevens has reserved for his great nephew. In fact. it is non merely Jason who can profit from the ultimate gift which was presented by Stovall in a traveling novel. The 12 gifts and the ultimate gift which is the gift of felicity are contemplations of human lives. The book has merely manifested the gifts in a manner that it allows the reader to contemplate on the significance and application of each gift. As for Jason. he was fortunate that he accomplished the challenge and grasped the ultimate gift that wealth is undistinguished compared with the felicity of sharing good workss with other people. Plants Cited Nuzzo. Michele. â€Å"Life Lessons – A Book Review of The Ultimate Gift. † 2008.Ezine Articles.11 September 2008 lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //ezinearticles. com/ ? Life-Lessons- A-Book-Review-of-The-Ultimate-Gift A ; id=1265081 gt ; . Stovall. Jim.The Ultimate Gift.Colorado Spring. Colorado: David C. Cook Distribution. 2007.

Writing College Essay

Writing College Essay Writing College Essay The tutor may offer you several essay topics. Once the topic is chosen - you are ready for college essay writing.Prior towriting college essay, read the following helpful information. The first or introductory paragraph fulfills several functions: the initial sentence or sentences should lead the reader to the English essay topic by moving from more general statements on the overall subject matter to the actual focus of your college essay. A feasible strategy is to depart from what is commonly known to the reader and then highlight the new and particular aspects which the college essay will contribute to the current of research in the field. These original contributions are pointed out in the so-called thesis statement, which should be part of the introductory paragraph and serve as a first orientation on content, methodology, and structure of your college essay: Writing College Essay Tips One part of the thesis statement has to define the specific focus of the academic essay. It is crucial to narrow down the essay topic in a sensible and practicable way. Good English college essays are characterized by a clearly and convincingly focused topic. Furthermore, the introductory paragraph gives an idea of what aspects of the topic are presented and in what order. This "road map" makes the structure of college essay transparent and comprehensible from the very beginning and, thereby, provides the reader with a basic sense of orientation. Naturally, these individual parts of the thesis statement cannot always be presented separately, since they are often intricately inter-woven with each other. For example, the methodology may already be suggested by the English essay topic, while the road map and the theoretical approach might be interconnected. Therefore, it is be advisable to combine topic and approach, or methodology and road map. The choice of writing strategy is shaped by the individual essay writing skills and preferences. However, it is essential for all three aspects to be clearly stated. College Essay Help College essay writing is a complex work. It requires assiduity and attentiveness. You have to spend a lot of time in the college library looking for information.Sometimes ordering college essay online may help student to avoid the rush. gives you the chance to enjoy other activities while the college essay is written for you by professional writer. You are welcome to request unlimited number of revisions and claim free plagiarism report. In addition, our blog with numerous tips on writing essays is absolutely free! You will find a lot of pages on term paper, coursework, dissertation,and other types of academic writing. Popular posts: Thesis Writing Tips Cold War History Essay English Essay Writing Good Essay Topics World Hunger Essay

Visual Arts and Films Studies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Visual Arts and Films Studies - Essay Example In filmmaking or film production and visual arts development, the directors and the general crew endeavor to make their work look authentic and real to their audience. Habitually, it involves a series of stages such as the original story, the idea through script writing, casting, editing, shooting and screening the finished film to an audience. The development of a film or visual art takes place around the world taking into account factors such as economic, political and social contexts, while incorporating technologies, as well as cinematic effects in the case of film. The production of some of these products can take as long as several years to complete while others take a few months, incorporating many people. The most crucial part in generating a quality product is during the commission of the idea. This is where the filmmaker ensures that the costume design, its interpretation, technical arts and special effects, set design for screen and theatre design look as authentic as poss ible. Although the cast contributes a large part to how a film or visual art performance will be received, other factors such as cinematography effects, the costumes and interpretation of the costumes as well other technologies involved, affect how the audience appreciates the authenticity of the product. Reality and real are two words that make realism a difficult word to explain as well as the intricacy of disputes in art and philosophy, where it is predominantly used. In the arts, realism is the attempt of the artist to embody their theme as truthfully as possible. This paper is going to discuss two American films, The Matrix of 1999 and 300 released in 2006. These films are different in terms of their genre and setting, where the Matrix is a science fiction action film while 300 is an action packed film, set in the medieval times. Their similarities could be attributed to the struggle of the directors in trying to make the films appear as real as possible. Both films try to bring forward a certain reality to the audience. The Matrix brings out the reality of dystopian future, antonym Utopia, in which reality is cyberspace or stimulated reality called The Matrix. Dystopia appears in works of fiction, seeking to speculate on the future, usually characterized by dehumanization, envir onmental disasters and dictatorial governments. 300, on the other hand, are set in a medieval age, where a certain king fights against the Persian god king Xerxes. The directors of both movies hard to work hard to make these setting come and appear real to the audiences in terms of costume, dialogue, cinematic effects and other technologies (BARNWELL, P. 187, 2008) Filming is divided into five parts, the Development, pre-production, production, post-production and distribution. The main area of focus when the director is in the moment of bringing reality to the film is the pre-production. Pre- production encompasses all the preparations made before the actual shooting such as the cast, the film crew, selection of the film location and building of the site. More so, pre-production ensures that every step involved in creating the film is carefully planned and designed. In pre-production of The Matrix, the director, The Wachowski brothers, made sure that all crew involved in the film u nderstood the theme of the film and the requirement of the chosen actors was that they were able to explain The matrix. All the principal cast and the crew were also required to read Simulacra and Simulation, a philosophical treatise book used to conceal disks in the film. Reeves the main protagonist in the film, said reading the book enabled him to explain all the philosophical jargons involved in the film (MACKENDRICK & CRONIN, P. 123, 2005). For the fight scenes, the directors incorporated a Chinese director because of the growth and intricacy of Chinese action cinema. In preparation of these action scenes, it was required for every actor to train intensely for months. Downward flowing green font represented

State cooperation, challenges and theoretical perspectives from Essay

State cooperation, challenges and theoretical perspectives from realism and regime analysis - Essay Example While the theorists ascribed to the school of realism view conflict as a norm between interactions by countries, the proponents of international regime hold that cooperation is the defining factor to their school of thought. Those ascribed to the theory assumes that countries cooperate in various instances such as within trade, international security as well as within the scope of human rights among other issues (Hercl, 1994, p. 64-66). The existence of international trade necessitate that the participating states as players within the trade to be unified in some manner of cooperation (Litta, 2012, p. 45). Global trade blocks are good examples to these relations between the individual countries who constitute the players in international trade. Besides trade, some common interest lead to cooperation between countries, which are such as the international environmental conservation, practices as well as the international collaborations in security issues. It is therefore the instances of cooperation that by definition allude to regimes (Buzan, 1993, p. 328-330). Despite the theory being inclined more onto the liberal view, hybrid definitions brings out another aspect of the theory as realist approach puts into perspective the neoliberal aspect in understanding the regimes. According to Drezner (2009), â€Å"The primary goal of neoliberal institutionalism was to demonstrate that even in an anarchic world populated by states with unequal amounts of power, structured cooperation was still possible† (65). The international humanitarian organizations such as the UN and others, which are tasked with confirming the correct institutions of rights to human beings. Other regimes, well known across the globe, focus on the areas that the cooperating states would resolve. Another definition to regimes refers to them as partnered behavior, where they are explained by regularity of behaviors, common rules or norms as well as similar principles (Hasenclever, et al, 2000, p. 3). Nevertheless, existence in singular, of such aspects as regular behaviors does not always indicate the existence of a regime. The general definition fails to confine the understanding of regimes to wholly regularized rules or patterns of behavior between states. The convergence of individual actors expectations describe the implicit regimes with an example of a regime being the ‘oil regime’ of the period between 1945 to 1970 which composed of common activities of oligopolistic interdependent organizations which were bound together by national procedure as well as rules and had the intervention of the United States as a sovereign authority. Common regulations and rules dictated the cooperation of the countries involved while exploring, producing as well as marketing of the petroleum products, which formed the point of consensus in the regime. National regulatory frameworks as well as market structures illustrated terms and conditions of supply that defined this pa rticular regime (Haggard and Simmons, 1987, p. 491-495). Countries hesitant to assent to frameworks that govern other states within a regime would not form part of this regime. However, the

Healthcare Administration Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Healthcare Administration - Term Paper Example Based on the four elements, the chief operating officer will analyze what might have caused the complaints. The operating officer should prove that the healthcare personnel responsible for treating or handling the patients owed them a duty of care. This analysis will include evaluation of all healthcare persons attached to the emergency room such as, nurses, doctors and ambulance services among others. The operating officer will analyze why the healthcare officers did not offer the patients the required standard healthcare services. Breach of duty analysis will identify whether the personnel’s action matches the standards of competent healthcare experts in the same field. Where a body of standards is used to establish whether the doctor was not negligent, such standards must be logical and rational (Showalter, 2012). The operating officer also establishes the causation of violation of duty of care by the doctor. In establishing what damages were caused to the patient, the oper ating officer must seek to identify whether the damage was caused by negligence of the healthcare personnel or limitations in resources at the emergency room. The officer should interrogate the available resources in the emergency room against the high turnover of patients to know the cause of complain against the clinic. A strategic plan for overcoming the problems associated with the current ER. The strategic plan will involve optimization of the patients’ pathway in the emergency room. Currently, the emergency room is experiencing an increased demand for emergency services. This growth is attributable to an increased in the number of minor and moderate injuries, which has overstretched the facility capacity and resources. The current system of admission is using static information to plan and manage the incoming patients, admissions and discharging and is unable to provide sufficient information for capacity planning (Richards & Rathbun, 1999) Dynamic information system wi ll be capable of highlighting peak volumes and suggest shortage of capacity as perceived by the staff. Capacity planning is based on averages although peak number of patient in ER at a certain time of the day or month is critical. Dynamic System Simulation can be used as a decision making tool readily available, cheap, and efficient to use and optimize in several processes. It mimic an actual process over by including basic hypothesis of a â€Å"what if† analysis. The information system will help the clinic produce information to be used in making appropriate decisions, solve capacity problems of emergency room and facilitate the planning process by the management (Journal of Trauma Management & Outcome). The â€Å"Good Samaritan Law† effect on the appropriate treatment of the ER patients Good Samaritan refers to a person who offers aid in an emergency situation to a person wounded on a voluntary basis. The person giving care to a stranger owes the stranger a duty of b eing reasonably careful. In the medical sense, a Good Samaritan is a professional medical practitioner who gives medical care to a person in an urgent situation. The rescuer helps the sick without any duty to care and with no monetary compensation expected in return. An example is a medical practitioner who comes upon a motor vehicle accident spot. The person who responds and offers aid to injured acts as a Good

Water Resource Issue in Isokoland

Water Resource Issue in Isokoland WATER RESOURCE PROBLEMS IN ISOKOLAND S.I. Efe INTRODUCTION Water is one of the basic necessities of life next to air, food and shelter. But its provision varies from place to place in accordance with its yield in the hydrological setting and climatic characteristics in that area. The coastal location and the equatorial climate of Isokoland precipitated in heavy and long duration rainfall of over 3000mm per annum, and last for 10—11 months per annum (Efe, 2007). This scenario over the years has endowed the entire Isokoland with abundant groundwater and surface water recharge. But the discussion of water resources in the region has been glossed over to discussing those of Nigeria and Delta State water problem (see Ayoadc and Oycbande, 1983 and Efe and Olobaniyi, 2007). As such information of water resources in Isokoland is lacking in literature. Thus, this study of water resources in Isokoland is timely at this time when there is a global shortage of water supply. This paper is set to examine the sources, methods of purifying domestic w ater, factors of inadequate water supply and management measures adopted over the years in Isokoland. Physio-graphically, Isokoland is located in a low-lying area of >l0m above sea level, and ii is drained by River Ase that is characterized with deep valley from which sand bars and fine materials are washed to its lower course. This area is also underlain by tertiary sedimentary formation, which has led to the variation in water depth, quality and yield. For instance, water level increases from 0 — 4m throughout the year and this scenario has encouraged abundant water supply in Isokoland. Methods of Data Collection Field survey research design was adopted for data collection with the aid of direct field observation and administration of questionnaires. Direct counting of water projects was carried out in the major accessible streets in Ozoro, Oleh and surrounding villages (where the questionnaires were administered) and also to ascertain their operators (from 6th August 11th August, 2007). The questionnaires were administered through systematic random sampling of 5 household intervals in each street, and the literate person in each household was used. The researcher with the 300 level students of Geography and Regional Planning 2006/2007 session on fieldwork waited and collected the questionnaire immediately from the respondents on completion. A test-retest technique of administering 10 questionnaires at two different occasions was employed with the aid of Spearman’s Rank correlation analysis with r-value of 0.83, and the researcher did a facial content validity. Descriptive statistics were employed and the results arc discussed below. Results and Discussion The data collected from the field are presented in Tables 1— 4 and discussed below. Sources of Water and Methods of Collection There are three (3) basic sources of water supply in Isokoland, which include rainwater, bores and surface water. rflle predominant sources of water supply for Isokoland is rainwater harvesting, which indicates 53%. This is followed by bores (44%) and river/stream (3%). Comparing urban-rural water sources showed that most urban dwellers of Ozoro and Oleh patronize bores than the two water sources. This, however, negates the earlier view of Efe (2005) that 20% of Ozoro dwellers are engage in rainwater harvesting and in the rural areas of Ada, Ellu, Oyede, Ivwrogbo, and Ovorode etc, rainwater harvesting is vigorously carried out in these area (see table 1). Table 3.1: Sources of domestic water supply Source: Fieldwork, 2007 The disparities in these sources of domestic water could be ascribed to differential in income level, awareness and the price. On the other hand, only 3% of those residing at Ivwrogbo get their domestic water from River Ase. However, in the rural communities where rainwater harvesting is being practiced, the rainwater is harvested from corrugated roofing sheets and collected through gutter into Bowls, Basin and Buckets. This is evident from 59% of the respondents that employed these methods. On the other hand, the inhabitants also employed the following means of water storage: artificial well (17%), Jerry can (17%) and Tanks (7%) (see Table 2). On the other hand, the domestic water supply gotten from bores at Ozoro and Oleh is stored in tanks with 65% in private bores, and 35% in commercial. However, water gotten from the public taps are stored in bowl and jerry cans in various homes visited. From the communities visited, a total of 97 water bores were counted in area where the questionnaires where administered. Out of the 97 bores, a total of 59 bores are owned and maintained by private individuals for their private uses, 36 bores owned by private individuals but commercialized, while only 2 bores are owned and serviced by the State Water Board (see ‘fable 3). Table 3.3: Bores in Isokoland Water Treatments and Provider of Water Table 3.4 reveals that most of the inhabitants of Isokoland do not purify their domestic water before consumption. This is evident from 73% of the inhabitants who opined that they do not treat their water before consumption. While 27% indicated that they purify their water before consumption, they do it with the introduction of alum and by boiling. However these are some of the elite class found in the urban areas of Ozoro and Oieh, Asked why filtration and chlorination method is not adopted in their water purification, they all responded that it is time wasting and involve large capital outlay. Even the public water supplied by the State Water l3oard in Ozoro is not purified. Official of the State Water Board said that since the water is underground water, it does not need treatment more or less that there are no reported cases of water borne diseases in the area. Most inhabitants of Ozoro, Oleh, Ada, Oyede and Ellu etc patronize private water supply. About 60% of the inhabitants of Isokoland patronize private bores that often pay between #3 #10 for 20 litres of water (see tables 3.2 and 3.5). Table 3.5: Providers of domestic water Source: Fieldwork, 2007 This price however varies with the availability of electricity in the area. For instance, when there is regular power supply 20 litres of water is sold for #3, but if generator is used in pumping the water, it is then sold for between #5 — #10. r1his price according to inhabitants of the area has invariably reduced the quantity of water utilized from this source to 20 litres; and during the wet season most of the inhabitants store more rainwater for domestic uses. The age of the bores in Isokoland fell within the 25 years acceptable useful threshold. For instance, most of the bores for domestic water supply in the area was dug over 10 years ago, as such most of the bores still have 15 years of useful life (United States Environmental Protection Agency, EPA, 2004). There is, therefore, the need to replace the pumping equipment (submersible pump) and the hydro-pneumatic tank for water storage. These equipment’s have attained their maximum useful age of 10 years. Factors of Inadequate Water Supply and Management Measures There is generally an inadequate water supply in Isokoland. This is evident in most communities visited. For instance, in all the rural areas visited (Ada, Oyede, Ivwrogbo, Ellu etc.) there is virtually the absence of potable water supply. What could be seen in these communities is the presence of private bores and private commercial bores owners who dispense water to their individual homes and as well sell water to the public at the cost of #3 #10. Some manual motorized hand pump in some of the communities (Irri, Oyede, Ellu etc.) is not functioning. Even at Ozoro where the urban water board dispenses water, the people complained of erratic water supply and at times no supply for some weeks. From the above problems, the inhabitants identified the following factors as being responsible for inadequate water supply in Isokoland. Epileptic power supply ranked the highest factor of inadequate water supply in Isokoland, According to most of the inhabitants (93%), frequent power failure always leads to increase in price of water and reduction in the quantity of water consumed per household daily in the area, To overcome this problem government should ensure regular power supply to Isokoland. The respondents ranked inadequate budgetary allocation and lack of maintenance culture equal as factors of inadequate water supply. Funds allocated to this sector by the Local and State Governments over the years is grossly inadequate and as such there is usually the difficulty in the provision of water to most of the communities in isokoland, and at times these funds are not even enough to maintain the existing water projects not to talk of investing in new water projects. There is, therefore, the need for the provision of enough fund for the provision of water supply to these communities most especially all the rural communities of Isokoland since most of the inhabitants live below the poverty threshold of one dollar ($1) a day. rfhere is also the need for more private and non-governmental sector participation in water supply to improve the current rate of supply. It is also recommended that since government cannot provide regular electricity supply to the area, it should abolish t he charging of #5,000 and #10,000 for the private and commercial bore owners respectively. Similarly, since the disturbing network or system of the Ozoro water supply is over-aged (29 years) there is the need for the replacement of most of the pipes, though they still have 6 years of useful life (EPA, 2004). Other factors arc carelessness and indiscriminate wastage and theft. It was observed that some adults and children play with the water by opening it down to run continually and occasionally fight ensue between individual, that often led to destruction of ta head, pipes etc. Also some submersible pumps have been stole most especially those in the rural communities and partly those in Ozoro and Oleh. To overcome these, there should be mass education on the need to take care of public utility in their communities and anyone caught stealing water equipment should be made to face the wrath of the law irrespective of his/her social or political class. Conclusion: The study has been able to examine the water resource problems of Isokoland and has revealed that the livelihood and longevity of life of the people of Isokoland will not only depend heavily on portable water supply but on regular water provision to the rural and urban communities. To ensure this, there is need to implement the above policy measures. REFERENCES Ayoade, J.O. and Oyebande, L. (1983), ‘Water Resources’ in Oguntoyinbo et al (ed) Geography of Nigeria Development, Ibadan, Heinemann. Efe, S.I. (2005), ‘Problems of Water Supply in the Rural Communities of Delta State, Nigeria. International Journal of Ecology and Environmental Dynamics Vol. 3. pp.14 — 23. Efe, S.I. (2007), ‘Climate of Delta State’ in Izomoh, S.O. Ct al (ed) Delta in Maps, Occasional Publications Department of Geography and Regional Planning, Delta State University, Abraka. Efe, S.1. and Olobaniyi, S.13. (2007), ‘Water Resources’ in Izomoh, S.O. et al (ed) Delta in Maps, Occasional Publications Department of Geography and Regional Planning, Delta State University, Abraka. EPA (2004), Taking Stock of your Water System. A simple asset inventory for small drinking water system. www.epa.gov/safewater, p4.

The Black Death :: essays research papers

The Black Death Early historians argued about the origin of The Black Death. Many, Christians who witnessed the carnage brought on by The Plague, believed that it came from the Jesuits, and that the Jews had poisoned the wells and groundwater, this type of thinking brought about the death of many Jews. Some believed that it came from the 'land of darkness' (Mongolia) Modern day chroniclers agree that The Black Death moved from east to west spreading like a shadow, crossing from India to China to Europe. Lois Sanctus of Avignon reasoned that The Plague originated in India, and notes that it had arrived on the Mediterranean coast of France in 1347. Historian and scholar Nicephorus Gregoras from Constantinople testified that in 1347 the disease had invaded humanity starting from Scythia, (southern Russia) and spread to Maeotis and the mouth of the Tanais, (Don River) and lasted throughout the year. Still another testimony from a Muslim author, Ibn al-Wardi claims that the Black Death had been present in the Mongol Empire as early as 1331 before spreading to India and China. Most historians today however agree that The Plague was carried by fleas, living on rats in the Asian Steppes, and were transported by Mongol armies moving east. The Plague would then have spread through the rest of Europe via merchant trading. Michele Da Piazza a Franciscan friar in the convent of Catania in Sicily succumbed to the disease, but not before noting the symptoms of The Plague including pustules on the arms and legs, and that The Plague penetrated the body so that its victims coughed up blood from the mouth and nose for days before the dying. Giovanni Boccaccio, a writer from Florence noticed further symptoms, certain swellings in the groin or armpit, roughly the size of an apple, accompanied by death. Further documentation from Lois Sanctus of Avignon states that The Plague had three definitive forms, Bubonic ? Painful swelling of the lymph nodes in the arm pits and the groin. Pneumonic ? affects the respiratory system. Septicemic ? The poisoning of the blood. It was believed that one could become afflicted if you so much as looked at an infected person. The Plague would however have been spread like the common cold, through physical contact or airborne contact. Medieval doctors of the 14th century were far lacking in the medical technology that we rely on today. Chroniclers of the Black Death attacked medical practitioners, accusing them of being cowards, incompetent and greedy.

Discuss how Ralph changes in the course of the novel

Lord of the Flies Short Essay Discuss how Ralph changes in the course of the novel and why these changes occur. Ralph is an English schoolboy who is stranded on an isolated island without adults together with the other boys after a plane crash. He tries to establish a civilized society with rules and order by blowing the conch to assemble the boys. His charismatic nature allows him to be elected the leader. Rally's changes throughout the story can also be reflected by his changing perception on Piggy. â€Å"At the beginning: bullies PiggyAs the story progresses: has become more dependent on logical thinking and Is more determined to rebuild the community with the help of Piggy and his rational mind â€Å"Rally's perception towards Piggy has changed from an inferior boy with physical illnesses to an intelligent true friend by the end of the story He has changed from a bully to a mature boy and a responsible leader who understands the need to establish a civilized society with democr acy He relies on Piggy's reminders and his intelligence to call assemblies and make himself clear->He treasures Piggy and ales his opinions Piggy's Intelligence has a great Influence on Ralph (how adults perceive the world)† Examples: â€Å"Exercised verbal violence on Piggy (sucks to your ass- mar/auntie) Insisted on calling him the name he hates-â€Å"Apply', laughed at his name â€Å"Ralph wept for the end of Innocence, the darkness of man's heart, and the fall through the air of the true, wise friend called Piggy. † â€Å"Seeing how savage the boys like Jack and Roger can be while having Piggy as his companion,By Caring As the story progresses: has become more dependent on logical thinking and is more establish a civilized society with democracy He relies on Piggy's reminders and his values his opinions Piggy's intelligence has a great influence on Ralph (how adults mar/auntie) Insisted on calling him the name he hates-â€Å"PiggY', laughed at his name Ralph wep t for the end of innocence, the darkness of man's heart, and the fall need to maintain rational thinking all the time (like Piggy) in order not to degenerate and is therefore, not lured by the temptation of food More determined to maintain Jack Piggy as â€Å"role model† as he thinks in a logical manner and has enough knowledge to comprehend how adults' may think† â€Å"†Piggy could think. He could go step by step inside that fat head of his, only Piggy was no chief. But Piggy, for all his while maintaining a rational mind thanks to the constant reminders from Piggy

Case Law and the Doctrine of Precedent Essay

In this essay I will be discussing several points of interest that will help me answer the given question. My first point is on the Hierarchy of the courts. In this point I will explain the different ‘levels’ there are in the English system. My second point is Stare Decisis and what it is. This point is made up of several questions that I will answer; why have binding precedent? What has to be followed? That is Obiter Dicta and Ratio Decidendi? What is persuasive precedent and who uses it and how it is used? When is a judge bound? Can the Stare Decisis be avoided? And lastly: How has Stare Decisis handicapped the development of the English law? The hierarchy of the courts The English system is made up of a hierarchy of courts. Hierarchal means that the courts which are high in the system hear appeals from the ones below them. The decisions made in the higher courts are of great importance. The bottom courts are known as foot soldiers and are at the bottom of the system. Some courts in this rank are the Magistrates court, the Youth court, the Coroners court and the County court. These courts hear cases daily and are which the average person will find themselves in for debt, injuries, car accidents and low level criminal offences. They are of a good amount of importance because they make decisions for justice daily. These courts however have little impact on the development of law except as a source for cases which may then be heard or appealed to higher courts. Since these courts are the lowest they do not bind any other court except themselves. There are two courts on the higher level. The High court which deals with cases pertaining to civil matter of unlimited value and the Crown court which deals with serious criminal offences. The High court has four sections: the Chancery division which deals with matters pertaining to equity, the Family division which deals with family matters, the Queen’s Bench division which deals with civil matters and the Divisional court who hears the appeals from civil prerogatives of the lower courts. The High court is not bound by its previous decisions but it can make precedents for the courts below it. Like the High court, the Crown court is bound by all higher courts. It doesn’t make binding precedents but their judgments form persuasive precedents when a High court judge sits in the Crown court. It also is not bound by its past decisions. The Court of Appeal is the next step higher. This court is the most important of the hierarchy even though it is not at the top of the system. This court is important because it hears appeals from lower courts in both the criminal and civil matters. There are three judges who sit to hear an appeal. Two of these judges must be Lord of Justices of Appeal. The third judge could either be a judge from the High Court or the Supreme Court. The name given to the head of the Court of Appeal is the Master of the Rolls. The Supreme Court is the highest appellate court in the hierarchy. It hears cases on appeal from the Court of Appeal. Sometimes the appeal will come straight from the High Court or the Crown Court. This only happens if there is a case which involves the important question of the law. The people who sit in the Supreme Court are called Justices of the Supreme Court. There are at least three to five Justices who sit to hear appeals. It the case is very important than seven sit to hear the case. There can only be at most twelve Justices in the Supreme Court. The Privy Council is the highest court in the Commonwealth nations and civil appeals. Some of the judges who sit in the Privy Council are those which make up the Supreme Court. The Privy Council is not a part of the hierarchal system and so its decisions do not bind the English Courts. Even though the decision of the Privy Council does not bind English courts, the judges are the same that make up the Supreme Court of England; there is a section of the Supreme Court that is persuasive precedent. Following the case of R v James Karimi (2006) the Court of Appeal found out that in certain circumstances the Privy Council can bind the English courts and overrule previous precedent. Stare Decisis Stare Decisis means ‘to stand by things decided.’ Stare Decisis is one of the main things that makes up the case law system. This makes judges bound to follow the previous decisions of higher courts in similar cases. This simply means that judges must obey previous judicial decisions of higher courts. This question is often asked: Why have Stare Decisis and why not let judges use their own conscience and wisdom to decide a case? As with everything there are advantages and disadvantages of creating something. The advantages of having Stare Decisis are that it promotes certainty, consistency and predictability. Professor Geldhart said that certainty is promoted by consistency of judicial making. Similar cases should have the same outcome. Certainty promotes predictability and this reduces the possibility for trial because everyone will know how certain cases will be decided.it also limits the potential for the declaratory theory to take effect. The theory is put into place to reduce judges who are not elected not to make law. The role of the judges is to apply and interpret. Law is made in Parliament and it represents the will of the people who elect the members of parliament. It also promotes justice. This type of justice is Aristotlean justice. This means that fairness is given equally of legal principles. The system is the same for everyone and so similar cases should be dealt with the same way. Disadvantages are that it makes the law rigid and inflexible. The law is not able to develop and is stuck. Precedent binds even if it is old and outdated. The discretion of the judge is that he must follow and abide by the decisions made by the judges before him no matter how old or outdated it may be. This also makes the law stuck and not develops to meet the modern day changes. The amount of case law precedent adds up to uncertainty. Case law and its precedents are contained in thousands of reports starting from the middle ages. It is difficult for lawyers and courts to go through them and find similar cases. It is not easy for judges to find the binding part (Ratio Decidendi) of any case. Ratio Decidendi is the reason for coming to the decision. This is the principle in which the court uses to make a decision. The ratio is the rule expressed by the judge to the extent that is necessary for the judge to come to his decision. Obiter Dicta are the things said by the way and other things which so not make up part of the decision making. When is a Judge Bound? As I stated earlier, a court must follow the decision of a higher court and its earlier decision. The system works in a way that makes binding precedent operate in a way to tie the hands of the judge. When the ratio binds any part of a court depends on the original decision that was made. The Supreme Court binds the Court of Appeal, which binds the High Court which binds the Magistrates, Crown and County court. Courts also bind themselves because of its earlier decisions. The only exception is the Supreme Court who makes its own decisions and is not bound by any other court because it is the most senior. Before 1966- Judicial Precedent HoL announced that they would no longer consider themselves absolutely bound to follow their previous decisions. Binding precedent remains the foundation of the English System of case law. The earlier decisions were based on conditions which no longer triumph and in modern conditions the law ought to be different. Judges are bound by similar cases. Judges in the latter case are bound to apply the same ratio used in early court where the two cases were based on the same issue. If the matter of a case is similar but has facts that similar to al later case, they differ and the issues are not all similar and the court is then not bound to apply the earlier precedent. This is called distinguishing. Can the Doctrine of Stare Decisis be avoided? Reversing occurs when a court higher up in the hierarchy downturns the decision of a lower court in the same case. A decision made in a certain case by the Court of Appeal will bind all future lower courts and it would bind itself. This can be avoided id the appeal went straight to the Supreme Court who would reach a different decision. The court of Appeal’s decision would have been short-lived precedent and the Supreme Court decision will take place of the previous one. Overruling is replacing one precedent with another which helps develop the law. Reversing is where a higher court substitutes a principle made by a lower court in the same case. Overruling involves a higher case substituting a principle set down by a lower court in a different and earlier case. My conclusion is thus; the principle of Stare Decisis has handicapped the development of the English Law because it makes the law rigid and inflexible. The law is not able to develop and is stuck. Precedent binds even if it is old and outdated. The discretion of the judge is that he must follow and abide by the decisions made by the judges before him no matter how old or outdated it may be. This also makes the law stuck and not develops to meet the modern day changes. The amount of case law precedent adds up to uncertainty. Case law and its precedents are contained in thousands of reports starting from the middle ages. It is difficult for lawyers and courts to go through them and find similar cases. It is not easy for judges to find the binding part (Ratio Decidendi) of any case. View as multi-pages

V Einführung in die Ethik †Deutsch Essay

V Einfà ¼hrung in die Ethik – Deutsch Essay Free Online Research Papers V Einfà ¼hrung in die Ethik Deutsch Essay Nach Aristoteles besteht das hà ¶chste Gut des menschlichen Handelns in der Glà ¼ckseligkeit. Es gibt ein bestimmtes Gut, nachdem jedes menschliche Handeln strebt und weswegen der Mensch à ¼berhaupt Handlungen vollzieht (NE, I. Buch, 13., S.127, Z.35-40 „Fà ¼r uns ergibt sich aus dem Gesagten klar, dass die Glà ¼ckseligkeit zum Ehrwà ¼rdigen und Vollkommenden gehà ¶rt. Dies scheint auch daher zu kommen, dass sie ein Ursprung ist. Denn um ihretwillen machen wir alles à ¼brige;†¦.â€Å"). Um dieses hà ¶chste Gut zu bestimmen, beginnt Aristoteles erst mal damit, die Bedeutung von Handlung zu klren. Alle Handlung erstrebt ein Gut, d.h. die Handlung erfolgt um Willen eines Gutes, was die Handlung in ihrem Wesen bestimmt (konstitutives Merkmal) (siehe NE, I. Buch, 1., S.105 Z.1-4). Damit erfolgt das Handeln des Menschen nach dem Prinzip des menschlichen Tuns verursacht durch ein Gut, und ist kein natà ¼rliches Geschehnis wie das Naturereignis. Dabei ist Handlung das Mittel zum erstrebten Gut als Zweck (instrumentell gut). Nach Erreichung des erstrebten Gutes aber kann dieses wiederum zum Mittel (menschliche Handlung) fà ¼r ein weiteres zu erstrebendes Gut als Zwec k dienen und dies kann sich immer weiter fortsetzen. Damit erklrt sich der eine Zweck (Gut) à ¼ber den Anderen. Es muss aber ein bestimmtes Gut als Endzweck geben, umdessen Willen sich alle menschlichen Handlungen als Zwecke vollziehen. Dieser hà ¶chste Begriff fà ¼r Gut, die Glà ¼ckseligkeit, erklrt sich à ¼ber sich selbst, als Ursache allen menschlichen Handelns und Endziel zugleich (NE, I. Buch, 1., S.105, Z.18-22 „Wenn es aber ein Ziel des Handelns gibt, das wir um seiner selbst willen wollen und das andere um seinetwillen; wenn wir also nicht alles um eines andern willen erstreben (denn so ginge es ins Unbegrenzte, und das Streben wre leer und sinnlos), dann ist es klar, dass jenes das Gute und das Beste istâ€Å"). Wie kann der Mensch also zum glà ¼ckseligen Leben kommen? Aristoteles sagt, indem er ein vernunftgemßes Leben fà ¼hrt, d.h. der nach den Tugenden handelt, also moralisch gut. Denn die Verwirklichung von Moral ist Element des Glà ¼cks (untrennbar m iteinander verbunden). Da der Mensch mit dem Vermà ¶gen der Vernunft ausgestattet ist (Artbegriff des Menschen, Wesensbestimmung), jedoch auch die Fhigkeit des sinnlichen Begehrens (Trieb, Lust) besitzt, die avernà ¼nftig (wie beim Tier) ist, ist es notwendig, à ¼ber die Ausà ¼bung ethischer Tugend (alle Tugend ist nicht naturgegeben) mit Avernà ¼nftigem vernà ¼nftig umzugehen (NE, II. Buch, 2., S.134, Z.9-10 „So bezieht sich also die ethische Tugend auf Lust und Schmerz. Denn wegen der Lust tun wir das Schlechte, und wegen des Schmerzes versumen wir das Gute.â€Å") Dazu gilt es, dass der Mensch tugendhafte Ttigkeit (z.B. gerechtes Handeln) ausà ¼bt. Von dem Zeitpunkt an beginnt er tugendhafte Eigenschaft (Gerechtsein) zu erwerben und kommt damit in den Besitz der Tugend. Tugend auszuà ¼ben heißt also, die Glà ¼ckseligkeit zu verwirklichen (NE, I. Buch, 10., S.121, Z.14-18 „†¦; jedenfalls aber, auch wenn sie nicht von Gott geschickt wird, sondern durch Tugend und eine Art von Lernen oder ÃÅ"bung zustande kommt, so gehà ¶rt sie doch zu den gà ¶ttlichsten Dingen. Denn der Preis und das Ziel der Tugend scheint das Beste zu sein und ein Gà ¶ttliches und Seliges.â€Å") Dazu benà ¶tigt der Mensch jedoch Menschen, die schon im Besitz der fà ¼r ihn zu erlernenden verstandesmßigen Tugenden und als sein Erzieher ttig sind, d.h. Tugend wird erworben (NE, II. Buch, 1., S.132, Z.21-25 „†¦: die Eigenschaften entstehen aus den entsprechenden Ttigkeiten. Darum muss man die Ttigkeiten in bestimmter Weise formen. Denn von deren Besonderheiten hngen dann die Eigenschaften ab. Es kommt also nicht wenig darauf an, ob man gleich von Jugend auf an dies oder jenes gewà ¶hnt wird; es kommt viel darauf an, ja sogar alles.â€Å", NE, II. Buch, 2., S.134, Z.11-14 „Also mà ¼ssen wir gleich von Jugend an dazu erzogen werden, wie Platon sagt, dass wir Freude und Schmerz empfinden, wo wir sollen. Denn darin besteht die rechte Erziehung.â€Å"). Da menschliche Handlung das Gute erstrebt und damit gewollt ist, ist eine schlechte, verwerfliche Handlung (z.B. Mord) eines Menschen nicht gewollt, sondern ist eine Wahrnehmungstuschung desjenigen, der nicht tugendhaft handelt (NE, III. Buch, 6., S158, Z.16 „Das Wollen dagegen geht auf das Ziel, wie wir sagten;†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å", Z.18-20 „Jene nun die sagen, dass das Gewollte das Gute sei, kommen dazu, anzunehmen, dass dasjenige gar nicht gewollt sei, was einer auf Grund einer unrichtigen Wahl will; denn wenn es gewollt wre, wre es auch gut; es traf sich aber, dass es schlecht war.â€Å"). Der Tugendhafte aber, der seine Handlungen vernunftgemß auf das Gute ausrichtet, erkennt, ob etwas Gut ist oder nicht/eine bloße Vorstellung v om Guten ist (NE, III. Buch, 6., S159, Z.29-37 „ Denn der Edle beurteilt jedes Einzelne richtig, und in jedem Einzelnen erscheint ihm die Wahrheit. Denn fà ¼r jede Verfassung gibt es eigenes Schà ¶nes und Angenehmes, und vielleicht zeichnet sich der Edle gerade dadurch am meisten aus, dass er in jedem Einzelnen die Wahrheit erkennt, da er gewissermaßen Richtschnur und Maß dafà ¼r ist. Die Leute dagegen scheinen sich durch die Lust tuschen zu lassen. Denn sie ist nicht gut und scheint doch so. So whlen sie also die Lust als ein Gutes und meiden den Schmerz als ein Schlechtes.â€Å"). Somit verwirklicht der tugendhafte Mensch Glà ¼ckseligkeit. Fà ¼r Kant hingegen ist alles menschliche Handeln nach dem Unbedingt Guten ausgerichtet. Das Unbedingt Gute kann nur der gute Wille und damit das Handeln durch die Vorstellung von dem Gesetz der praktischen Vernunft (moralisches Gesetz) sein. Die Vernunft leitet dabei die Handlung gesetzmßig aus sich selbst heraus ab. Weil der Mensch praktische Vernunft besitzt, verfà ¼gt er à ¼ber die Kategorie der Pflicht, d.h. er handelt aus Pflicht, bestimmt durch das Unbedingt Gute. Die Handlung aus Pflicht ist nicht zweckgebunden, weil der Grund einzig und allein in dem Gesetz des Wollens/dem Gesetz der Vernunft selbst liegt (Sittengesetz, moralisches Gesetz) und somit unbedingter praktischer Notwendigkeit unterliegt (z.B. „Es ist notwendig ihm zu helfen.â€Å"). Die Vernunft bestimmt das Wesen des Menschen (sittliche Persà ¶nlichkeit), sie ist dem Menschen als hà ¶chstes Vermà ¶gen naturgegeben und er handelt aus Achtung des Gesetzes der Vernunft (sittlich, moralisch). Dazu ste llt Kant als unbedingt allgemeingà ¼ltiges Prinzip der praktischen Vernunft den Kategorischen Imperativ auf: „Du kannst, denn du sollst!â€Å". Da der Mensch aber neben dem Vernunftvermà ¶gen auch ein sinnliches Vermà ¶gen besitzt, trifft auf den Willen, der seinen Ursprung in der Vernunft hat, die Neigung, und beeinflusst den Willen. Aus der Nà ¶tigung des Willens durch Neigung erfolgt dann eine zweckabhngige Form von Handlung (z.B. „Es ist notwendig ihm zu helfen, weil ich ihn liebe.â€Å"). Die Gà ¼te solcher Handlung ist bedingt praktisch notwendig, da sie abhngig von Neigung ist (Hypothetischer Imperativ). Diese Form von Handlung kann somit keinen moralischen Wert haben, weil sie nicht der Vernunft entspringt. Eine Handlung besitzt einen moralischen Wert, wenn diese aus der Pflicht heraus und nicht pflichtmßig (aus Pflicht und Neigung) vollzogen wird (GMS BA 12, 13 „†¦: eine Handlung aus Pflicht hat ihren moralischen Wert nicht in der Absicht, welche dadurch erreicht werden soll, sondern in der Maxime nach der sie beschlossen wird, hngt also nicht von der Wirklichkeit des Gegenstandes der Handlung ab, sondern bloß von dem Prinzip des Wollens, nach welchem die Handlung, unangesehen aller Gegenstnde des Begehrungsvermà ¶gens, geschehen ist.â€Å"). Da es nach Kant die Pflicht des Menschen ist, aus Achtung des Gesetzes der Vernunft heraus zu handeln, mà ¼sste er, wenn er ein unwahres Versprechen macht, bereit dazu sein, dass das alle anderen Menschen auch tun (GMS BA 18,19 „†¦: wà ¼rde ich wohl damit zufrieden sein, dass meine Maxime (mich durch ein unwahres Versprechen aus Verlegenheit zu ziehen) als ein allgemeines Gesetz (sowohl fà ¼r mich als auch andere) gelten solle, †¦?â€Å"). Dazu wiederum kann er nicht bereit sein, und das hat nichts mit dem Là ¼gen an sich zu tun und auch nicht mit der mà ¶glichen Auswirkung, dass dem Là ¼genden oder dem Belogenen daraus ein Nachteil entstehen kann. Sondern der Mensch kann nicht wollen, dass aus seinem unwahren Versprechen ein allgemeines Gesetz entsteht, weil, wà ¼rde es Jeder tun oder tun dà ¼rfen, wà ¼rde es kein Versprechen mehr geben. Somit schließt sich der Kreis, nmlich der, dass das Handeln aus dem Gesetz der praktischen Vernunft, und damit das H andeln aus Pflicht durch das Unbedingt Gute, im Wert à ¼ber dem der aus Neigung steht, nmlich als hà ¶chstes Vermà ¶gen (siehe GMS BA 20). Gibt ein Mensch also ein Versprechen, das er nicht beabsichtigt zu halten, ist dies aus Kants Sicht unmoralisch, weil der Mensch aus sich heraus nicht wollen kann, dass diese Handlung zum allgemeinen Gesetz wird. Nach Kant ist es also ein notwendiges Gesetz fà ¼r den Menschen, nach dem allgemeinen Prinzip der praktischen Vernunft (Kategorischen Imperativ) zu handeln, ansonsten handelt er unmoralisch. Dies ist die Antwort auf seine eigens gestellte Frage (siehe GMS BA 62). Denn der Mensch kann aus sich selbst heraus, als vernà ¼nftige Natur und absoluter Zweck nicht den Wunsch haben, das seine Handlung aus relativen Zwecken, den Neigungen heraus (Hypothetischer Imperativ) erfolgt, wie es bei einer unmoralischen Handlung der Fall ist. Denn der Wille des Menschen (der Mensch selbst) entfaltet sich aus dem Kategorischen Imperativ heraus. Es gilt deswegen nach Kant, dass der Mensch jederzeit nach den „Gesetzen des Willensâ€Å", dem Unbedingt Guten (Kategorischer Imperativ) handeln soll und niemals nur nach den „Gesetzen der Neigungâ€Å" (Hypotethischer Imperativ), was sinngemß sein daraufhin aufgestellter Praktischer Imperativ (siehe GMS BA 67) aussagt. Kants Begrà ¼ndung erschließt sich mir einleuchtend, dass ich mich, kraftdessen, das ich ein menschliches Vernunftwesen bin, aus dem Kategorischen Imperativ entfalte. Denn wre ich ohne Vernunft in mir, so htte ich keinen Willen und wà ¼rde Handlungen ausschließlich nur aus meinen Neigungen, wie z.B. aus Lust heraus vollziehen. Ich wà ¼rde demnach keine Verantwortung fà ¼r mich selbst und fà ¼r Andere à ¼bernehmen kà ¶nnen und damit unmoralisch handeln. Dass der Kategorische Imperativ zutrifft, zeigt mir mein Gewissen, als Teil dessen. Habe ich unmoralisch gehandelt und versuche mir meine bedingt notwendige Handlung zu erklren, setzt mein Gewissen ein, indem es mir vor Augen hlt: „Du httest anders handeln kà ¶nnen, weil du gesollt hastâ€Å". Das moralische Gesetz ist also apodiktisch in mir selbst vorhanden. Quellenangaben: 1.) Deutscher Taschenbuch Verlag GmbH Co KG (Ed.) (6. Auflage Juli 2004): Aristoteles. Die Nikomachische Ethik, Mà ¼nchen: Deutscher Taschenbuch Verlag. 2.) Weischedel, Wilhelm (Ed.) (1. Auflage 1974): Kritik der praktischen Vernunft. Grundlegung zur Metaphysik der Sitten, Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp Verlag. Research Papers on V Einfà ¼hrung in die Ethik - Deutsch EssayThe Masque of the Red Death Room meaningsAnalysis Of A Cosmetics AdvertisementComparison: Letter from Birmingham and CritoMoral and Ethical Issues in Hiring New EmployeesHarry Potter and the Deathly Hallows EssayRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andWhere Wild and West MeetBringing Democracy to AfricaEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenCapital Punishment