Mein Kampf and the Formation of Hitlers Ideas Essay

The dominant political figure of German history in the twentieth century, Adolf Hitler, was born in a lower middle class family in the provincial Austrian town of Braunau am Inn on 20 April 1889. In 1907 Hitler applied to enter the Vienna Academy of Art but his application was rejected. After the death of his mother Klara, Hitler decided to move to Vienna. He drifted from job to job, often selling sketches or painting scenes of Old Vienna and it was a period that he himself later called the most miserable period of his life. Many of Hitlers views of the world were shaped by his experiences on the streets of Vienna and it is probable that his violent anti-Semitism dates from this time. br brIn 1924 Hitler was sentenced to five years in†¦show more content†¦br brMein Kamph is an important book because it reveals a great deal about Hitlers mind, outlook and the ideas that became the basis of National Socialism. What he wrote as his philosophy in 1924 he began to implement as policy when he became supreme ruler of Germany after 1934. br br* Quoted from Mein Kamph, Adolf Hitler, 1924The dominant political figure of German history in the twentieth century, Adolf Hitler, was born in a lower middle class family in the provincial Austrian town of Braunau am Inn on 20 April 1889. In 1907 Hitler applied to enter the Vienna Academy of Art but his application was rejected. After the death of his mother Klara, Hitler decided to move to Vienna. He drifted from job to job, often selling sketches or painting scenes of Old Vienna and it was a period that he himself later called the most miserable period of his life. Many of Hitlers views of the world were shaped by his experiences on the streets of Vienna and it is probable that his violent anti-Semitism dates from this time. br brIn 1924 Hitler was sentenced to five years in prison for his part in the Munich Putsch. During this time in prison Hitler began work on his book entitled Mein Kamph (My Struggle). The book outlines some of Hitlers political ideas and his views on race and Germanys future role in world affairs. br brHitler had a racist view of world history and the dominant theme running through Mein Kamph was his concept of race. InShow MoreRelatedMein Kampf : Jewish Virtual Library988 Words   |  4 PagesIn Mein Kampf, Hitler wrote various hate-filled comments such as,â€Å"The personification of the devil as the symbol of all evil assumes the living shape of the Jew†(â€Å"Mein Kampf: Jewish Virtual Library† 7). This is only one of the variou slurs the dictator used in the Mein Kampf. There were many controversial topics in the book, not just the derogation of the Jews. He explains the formation of his views and thoughts along with the construction of the Nazi party. Hitler â€Å"decided the he would rule theRead MoreAdolf Hitler As A Leader Of The Nazi Germany1398 Words   |  6 Pageson April 20th, 1889. Suffering from an abusive up-bringing by his father, Hitler’s father, Alois, wanted him to follow in his footsteps and join the civil service, Hitler had other pl ans. His desire was to become an artist. In his adult life, he moved a lot because he was seeking a career in the arts, but was rejected by the Vienna Academy of Fine Arts. During this time in his life, he lived in poverty. In his book, Mein Kampf, he referred to these years as, â€Å"five years of hardship and misery†. DuringRead MoreThe Holocaust and Nazi Germany1477 Words   |  6 PagesHolocaust, a clear link can be made between Nazi racial ideologies and Hitler’s foreign policy. Firstly, Nazi ideologies were a fundamental facet to the Holocaust, as it included the philosophies of who constituted as a Jew, and the consequent treatment of those diagnosed as Jews. Secondly, Hitler’s foreign policies were another significant aspect of the holocaust, as it was a fundamental part in the construction of Hitler’s ultimate goal. Thirdly, the foreign policy and racial ideologies are revealedRead More Mein Kampf And The Formation Of Hitlers Ideas Essay1519 Wor ds   |  7 Pages Mein Kampf And The Formation Of Hitlers Ideas The dominant political figure of German history in the twentieth century, Adolf Hitler, was born in a lower middle class family in the provincial Austrian town of Braunau am Inn on 20 April 1889. In 1907 Hitler applied to enter the Vienna Academy of Art but his application was rejected. After the death of his mother Klara, Hitler decided to move to Vienna. He drifted from job to job, often selling sketches or painting scenes of Old Vienna and itRead MoreTo What Extent Was Hitler Responsible for the Second World War1848 Words   |  8 Pagesthat were out of Hitler’s complete control, attributed in the overall commencement of war. However Hitler, a ruthless dictator brought much of the conflict upon himself with ideas already stated in his autobiography, Mein Kempf, outlining his ideas for foreign policy such as the destruction of the Treaty of Versailles, gaining territory, to include all German speaking people in his ‘Third Reich’ and to create a ‘radicall y pure’ German state that would dominate Europe. Adolf Hitler’s position as ChancellorRead MoreEssay about Nazi Politics: A Work of Art1315 Words   |  6 Pagescontrol of Hitler and the group wanted to continue a more radical revolution. In an attempt to stifle their efforts, Hitler organized an assassination campaign against the SA leadership killing hundreds of individuals still thought to be threats to Hitlers regime. From a strictly political standpoint, the actions of Hitler and the Nazi Party were absolutely necessary and extremely proficient. The Nazis annihilated all forms of opposition and competition thorough bludgeoning the people of GermanyRead MoreHitler s Influence On The World War II1574 Words   |  7 Pagesruthlessness of this leadership. Not even the scientists and doctors were spared in the fast tarnishing German society. Among all these victims, the philosophers at least ought to have stood up not only morally but also intellectually to Hitler and his ideas. It was, however, not the case. Hitler viewed philosophy as one of the most important aspects of his political career, in his bid to take over the world (Masalimov, Riyaz). The fact put him ahead of other dictators in his time and the later years asRead MoreStructuralist and Intentionalist approaches to Nazi Germany2254 Words   |  10 PagesHitler: intentionalist, and structuralist. The intentionalist interpretation focus es on Hitlers own steerage of Nazi foreign policy in accordance with a clear, concise programme planned long in advance. The structuralist approach puts forth the idea that Hitler seized opportunities as they came, radicalizing the foreign policies of the Nazi regime in response. Structuralists reject the idea of a specific Hitlerian ideological programme, and instead argue for an emphasis on expansionRead MoreThe Life And Lies Of Adolf Hitler2263 Words   |  10 Pagescountry of Germany and rose to power to be remembered as one of the most deadly rulers in history. Adolf Hitler’s brutal dictatorship was influenced by experiences and beliefs developed during his childhood, young adulthood, and rise to power. Influences from his father and exposure to aspects of the army as a child helped form Hitler’s violent nature and strong nationalism. Alois Hitler, Adolf Hitler’s father, frequently disciplined his son by harshly beating him with a whip (Giblin, James). Hitler grewRead More Use of Propaganda the U.S. War in Iraq Essay example3551 Words   |  15 Pagesof power and control; as in the Hitler’s regime, but in reality the definition is very simple. According to Webster’s College Dictionary, propaganda is â€Å"information or ideas methodically spread to promote or injure a cause, movement, nation etc, and the deliberate spread of such information or ideas†. Whether the reader of a media source agrees or disagrees with the content, the purpose of the media is to convey one way to look at a particular situation or idea. Sometimes, propaganda results

International Business Environment, Italy - 5044 Words

BUSINESS SCHOOL International Business Environment Assignment 1 Student ID: November 2012 CONTENTS Executive Summary 3 Introduction 4 Analysis of industry (sector) 5 Analysis of country (economy) 13 Recommendations 20 List of references 21 Executive Summary This work is a presentation of a short review of the current general economic situation in Europe, which includes a description of current trends, a description of the crisis in the economically strong countries in Europe. Most detailed information is presented on the state of the hotel industry in Europe and Italy in particular. This material†¦show more content†¦For many investors, especially from eastern markets, such uncertainty is actually business as usual. [pic] To stay competitive, international investors have opted to push ahead with business development. Despite the recent and ongoing economic volatility, Europe remains the world’s largest single market, and the magnetic attraction of its 500 million highspending consumers, together with a stable and transparent legal and regulatory environment, remain powerful draws for investors (Ernst Young’s, 2012) Short European hotels market overview There is no doubt that the Eurozone crisis, the malaise in the banking sector and political upheaval in the Arab world pose persistent challenges for the hotel industry. At the same time, leading industry players are adapting and learning to live with uncertainty. Business confidence in the largest European economies is beginning to stabilize, because people think the worst-case scenario in the Eurozone is unlikely. After the improved transaction levels in 2010, the volume of hotel sales in Europe increased further in 2011 by 9 %, to a total investment of about 7.1 billion Euro (HVS, 2012) The Europe hotel industry posted mixed results in year-over-year metrics when reported in U.S. dollars, euros and British pounds for September 2012, according to data compiled by STR Global, the leading provider of market data to the hotel industry. [pic]Show MoreRelated Doing Business in Italy Essay1029 Words   |  5 Pages Doing business in Italy is very different than in the United States. â€Å"Set to move onto a slow, but steady, path of economic growth;† Italy, at first glance, seems to be a promising business environment with projected increases in GDP per capita in the coming years, according to Business Monitor International (â€Å"Italy Autos Report† 30). However, there are many cultural, administrative, geographic and economic differences that make the business environment much different than that in the US.Read MoreItaly : A Country Of Forward Fashion Industry And Exotic Cars1431 Words   |  6 PagesMexico (Pier 1 imports, 2004, p.3). Considering the financial health and growth of the company, it is likely that the expansion into Italy can be attainable and profitable. 1. Develop a brief profile of the country that you have chosen. Italy is a tiny country located in southern Europe. Italy is a country of forward fashion industry and exotic cars. Italy has been a republic nation since June 1946 with 20 regions (KEY FACTS AND OVERVIEW, 2007, p.4). In addition, the COUNTRY REPORT (2014)Read MoreItaly Adopted A Realist Strategy868 Words   |  4 Pagesof this definition, it is possible to state that Italy adopted a realist strategy in non acting against Libya. In the lack of reaction and in not taking a strong line of action towards the African country, the aim of the Italian policy makers was to preserve the country’s own interests. Policy-makers emphasized the abstention from opening fire on Libyan forces as part of Rome’s strategy of smoothing its role in the Libyan intervention. Although Italy was involved in the U.S.-European interventionRead MorePolitical Status Of Italy993 Words   |  4 PagesItaly Economy and Political Status Italy is a member of multiply organizations which include the European Union (EU), World Trade Organization (WTO), and the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and development (OECD). As a member of EU Italy has a value-added tax (VAT) for all imported goods. The VAT is additional tax on goods being imported to the country which is currently set at 22% with the possibility of it increasing to 25% in 2018. As member of these organization Italy’s economy is heavilyRead MoreHow the Coming and Going of Fascism Affected the Tourism Industry in Italy1359 Words   |  5 PagesThe Italian tourism business in the modern times is appealing to those internationally and nationally within the country. Before, during, and after the Fascism reign was when the policies that organizations of today were being created and trying to be put in use for the betterment of the economy and industry at the times. The nation’s tourist structures functioned better and helped bring the economy out of their hard times caused by the mistakes of Fascism. Italy had remained a poor country duringRead MoreEssay on Italys Economic Growth1556 Words   |  7 PagesItaly, positioned in southeastern Europe, is a beautiful country that is faced with high unemployment, corruption and massive debt. Although it appears to be one of the most developed countries in Europe, Italy is somewhat of a laggard in globalization. Ranking twenty-third in world population, Italy stands at 56,126,212 people as of July 2009. The north and south seem to be split in economic terms with the north being well developed industrially and the south facing high unemployment and povertyRead MoreWhat Are the Specific Characteristics of the International Marketing Activities Designed and Implemented by Small Firms?1266 Words   |  6 PagesInternational Marketing What are the specific characteristics of the international marketing activities designed and implemented by small firms? As defined Robert W. Rowden (Thunderbird International Business Review, March-April 2001), a small firm (with a maximum of 50 employees) is centralized and personalized through management of an owner-manager. This type of organization provides some advantage such as proximity between manager and employees because there is less hierarchy. FurthermoreRead MoreThe Concept Of Environment And Political Factors1230 Words   |  5 PagesThe Concept of Environment and Political Factors Introduction The market of a company like everything else, will change with time. The maturity of a company to market share increases steadily, trying to achieve the market growth. The planning and implementation of the growth strategy for the development of new markets and the expansion of the company before the current market will not only help in company’s business to live in difficult times, it could also give a company a considerable advantageRead MoreStarbucks : A Strong Shaper Of A People Essay1306 Words   |  6 Pagesvalues, attitudes, customs, beliefs, and communication. However, culture often forces companies to adjust their business policies and practices. Howard Schultz, who is the chief executive officer and chairman of Starbucks keep respect for every local culture. 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Nursing and nutrition Free Essays

Introduction In different healthcare institutions the question of feeding patients, particularly those who are seriously sick and expected to die soon, raises questions of moral and ethical nature thus making a decision making process very difficult for the caring staff. Such questions may include: How can decisions of giving or withholding feeding and hydration be made? What values and assumptions underlie these decisions? Which courses of action are in the patient’s ‘best interest’, and how is this ‘interest’ determined? How and when, if ever, should a decision not to feed or hydrate be made? Can so basic a provision as food and water ever be considered as optional care? In most of the healthcare institutions whether they are hospitals or senior homes, the decision making lies within the practice of the nurses who are usually faced with dilemmas. While doctors are more advanced in professional knowledge they rarely find themselves in the difficult situation of making the decision of withholding nutrition or giving it. We will write a custom essay sample on Nursing and nutrition or any similar topic only for you Order Now However, there is sometimes a differentiation between nutrition as part of the care given to the patient and nutrition as a biological life sustaining process: â€Å"In modern practice there is often an underlying tension between two different understandings of ‘nourishing’ the patient. First, nourishing as an intrinsic part of giving care, which falls within the realm of nursing. Second, nourishing as a biological and technical process, a life-sustaining treatment under the control of the medical or nutrition team (from which the nurse may be excluded).† (Hunt, 1994) Yet the daily practice and the roles of nurses and doctors indicate that the nurses find themselves in the dilemma of making the decision more than other medical staff. In many cases where the withholding of nutrition is legally right and in the interest of the patient, the nurse still finds herself in the ethical and professional dilemma. She is not given the opportunity to discuss her opinion or given any information. As a result whatever decision she makes may be taken as wrong regardless of the fact that she was partially ignorant. The dilemma is even more difficult when considering nutrition as a basic need or a medical treatment. For a seriously sick person one may accept withholding medication or a technological device that prolongs life unnecessarily, but it is not easy to withhold nutrition which is the basic need for healthy and unhealthy persons. â€Å"Dresser asks, ‘Ought we to regard tube and intravenous feeding as forms of medical treatment, or should we classify them with more basic sorts of care?’† (Dresser, 1985) The decision of withholding nutrition or hydration is a difficult ethical question that poses emotional stress on the nurses. Withholding medication or technological devices is justifiable and there is enough professional and legal guidance for healthcare staff to follow. Indeed, â€Å"Food and water are so central to an array of human emotions that it is almost impossible to consider them with the same emotional detachment that one might feel toward a respirator or a dialysis machine† (Lynn Childress, 1983) In this research I am going to study this issue in order to confirm or rule out the possibility of establishing a professional guidance that assists the nurses in decision making. This is expected to relief them from a lot of stress and confusion that are imposed as a result of dealing with the issue on personal terms rather dealing with it objectively according to professional guidance and standards. The proposal for this research will be studied under the following headings: 1. Description of a case study 2.   Literature review 3.   Proposal 4.   Summary and Conclusions Description of a Case Study A case study either from literature or from the records of healthcare institution is expected to illustrate the extent of the problem and its importance. In addition this will emphasise the roles of nurses, relatives and patients in the decision making process. It would also highlight the difficulties facing nurses at different stages of care giving for seriously sick persons. At this stage of building the skeleton of this research paper very little can be said about the case study until one has been adopted. Literature Review The literature generally confirms the importance of the problem and has been addressing the issues related to the problem of nutrition for sometime now. While it is suggested in the literature that in some cases of chronically ill persons the provision of nutrition is burdensome rather than beneficial, it is agreed that the interpersonal and inter-professional tensions of nurses are ignored. (Hunt, 1994) It is also pointed out that the stressful environment in which nurses provide their professional care sometimes result in burnouts. The burnout case â€Å"evolves by a process involving three stages: (a) an imbalance between resources and demands, (b) the immediate short-term emotional response to the imbalance, and (c) changes in attitude and behavior such as negativism and emotional detachment† (Riordan Saltzer, 1992). However, it is also indicated that there are personal differences here: while one may react to stressors by becoming a burnout another with personal hardiness may find the stressors only minor irritants. Riordan and Saltzer (1992) assert: â€Å"Current literature points unanimously to a proactive approach in preventing burnout. This preserves organizational integrity by maintaining human resources and supplying cost-effective care while maintaining quality† (Riordan Saltzer, 1992). There are a number of suggestions for reducing stress and assisting nurses to cope with the environmental difficulties, though no specific guidelines or procedures are given for dealing with the problem of nutrition and hydration. It is also indicated in the literature that nutrition and hydration in some terminal cases may only prolong the biological life which is thought to be burdensome for some patients and their families. As Hunt (1994) asserts: â€Å"Feeding may in some circumstances prolong the process of dying and may cause avoidable suffering to the dying patient.† While generally the decision of using nutrition support for the terminally ill people is discussed as a problem facing nurses, some scholars relate the decision to dietitians. â€Å"Clinical guidelines for nutrition support indicate that dietitians should be members of institutional ethics committees and should have an integral role in institutional policy development concerning nutrition support at the end of lifeâ€Å" (Langdon et al, 2002) To put it in a nutshell the literature review confirms the dilemma facing healthcare professionals, particularly nurses, and families in dealing with the decision of providing nutrition and hydration or withholding it for chronically ill people whose illness is diagnosed as terminal. It is also confirmed that the decision making involves personal feelings, ethics, and sometimes legal consideration. Yet there are no clear professional guidelines that streamline the decision making in this issue in the professional practice. Rather there are observations of some acceptable practices. Sometimes the distinction between ordinary and extraordinary is used as a means of reaching decision. â€Å"However, there appears to be an increasing opinion that artificial feeding can be viewed as a’heroic’ method of treatment and is morally optional (Meyers and Grodin 1991, Hoefler and Kamoie 1994, Singer 1995, Gillick 2000). This optional treatment is referred to as ‘extraordinary’ and is more likely to be invasive, artificial or complex. Nevertheless, the Hastings Centre guidelines, cited in Meyers and Grodin (1991), stated that decisions over whether to provide artificial nutrition and hydration cannot be made solely on the distinction between ordinary and extraordinary methods of treatment. Despite this, Solomon et al (1993) demonstrated that 74 per cent of health professionals continued to use this distinction in termination of treatment decisions. It would also seem that the decision was significantly influenced by whether it was a decision to withdraw treatment or simply not initiate it in the first place. The Hastings Centre guidelines stipulat e that this distinction should not be a consideration (Meyers and Grodin 1991)† (Young et al, 2002). The problem of decision making in providing or withholding nutrition and hydration in the case terminally ill people is a dilemma for nurses until some professional steps are identified to make the decision an objective one made on the basis of professional judgement   rather than being a personal one affected by personal feelings, ethics, beliefs etc. Proposal Since the aim of the study is to justify a professional basis for decision making, in this study we will attempt to investigate the possibility of establishing professional guidelines that may relief the burden on nurses. This will involve identifying criteria that make withholding nutrition more beneficial to the patient than prolonging his biological life. It should also be essential to identify professional means that enable healthcare staff to decide that a patient is not making any sense of life and advise families accordingly to participate in decision making. This should be important especially when the patient is suffering pain or given morphine regularly. In order to be able to design a professional tool or procedure that assists nurses in decision making through this study or alternatively recommend further research on this issue, the study will be a non-experimental one designed to elicit the RN’s attitudes towards nutrition of chronically ill patients using survey instrumentation. The sample will be full time RNs employed by a healthcare region in hospitals and nursing homes of the region. It is advisable to include also a sample of dietitians working in the same healthcare institutions. The RNs involved need to be well informed about the study and its aims and should be positively motivated to participate in the study. It is also important for the study to be approved by a professional body that confirms the study question and methods are ethical. The instruments of the study should be designed in a way that they measure the attitude of the study sample towards giving or withholding nutrition and hydration for a variety of terminally ill patients. It is also important to determine the internal consistency reliability for the questionnaires and structured interviews. Summary and Conclusions These will follow naturally from the analysis of data and discussions and will eventually constitute a recommendation: either a draft of a guideline for assisting nurses in decision making or alternatively suggestions for further research in order to identify a suitable professional tool for relieving the burden on nurses. References I am not going to list the references now since this is just a skeleton to discuss with your supervisor; unless you deem it necessary. The word count may not be exactly 3500, but I think what has been written here is enough for your purposes. As soon as you give feedback on this I will start work on the proposal. How to cite Nursing and nutrition, Essay examples Nursing and nutrition Free Essays Introduction In different healthcare institutions the question of feeding patients, particularly those who are seriously sick and expected to die soon, raises questions of moral and ethical nature thus making a decision making process very difficult for the caring staff. Such questions may include: –  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   How can decisions of giving or withholding feeding and hydration be made? –  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   What values and assumptions underlie these decisions? –  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Which courses of action are in the patient’s ‘best interest’, and how is this ‘interest’ determined? –  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   How and when, if ever, should a decision not to feed or hydrate be made? –  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Can so basic a provision as food and water ever be considered as optional care? In most of the healthcare institutions whether they are hospitals or senior homes, the decision making lies within the practice of the nurses who are usually faced with dilemmas. While doctors are more advanced in professional knowledge they rarely find themselves in the difficult situation of making the decision of withholding nutrition or giving it. We will write a custom essay sample on Nursing and nutrition or any similar topic only for you Order Now However, there is sometimes a differentiation between nutrition as part of the care given to the patient and nutrition as a biological life sustaining process: â€Å"In modern practice there is often an underlying tension between two different understandings of ‘nourishing’ the patient. First, nourishing as an intrinsic part of giving care, which falls within the realm of nursing. Second, nourishing as a biological and technical process, a life-sustaining treatment under the control of the medical or nutrition team (from which the nurse may be excluded).† (Hunt, 1994) Yet the daily practice and the roles of nurses and doctors indicate that the nurses find themselves in the dilemma of making the decision more than other medical staff. In many cases where the withholding of nutrition is legally right and in the interest of the patient, the nurse still finds herself in the ethical and professional dilemma. She is not given the opportunity to discuss her opinion or given any information. As a result whatever decision she makes may be taken as wrong regardless of the fact that she was partially ignorant. The dilemma is even more difficult when considering nutrition as a basic need or a medical treatment. For a seriously sick person one may accept withholding medication or a technological device that prolongs life unnecessarily, but it is not easy to withhold nutrition which is the basic need for healthy and unhealthy persons.  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Dresser asks, ‘Ought we to regard tube and intravenous feeding as forms of medical treatment, or should we classify them with more basic sorts of care?’† (Dresser, 1985) The decision of withholding nutrition or hydration is a difficult ethical question that poses emotional stress on the nurses. Withholding medication or technological devices is justifiable and there is enough professional and legal guidance for healthcare staff to follow. Indeed, â€Å"Food and water are so central to an array of human emotions that it is almost impossible to consider them with the same emotional detachment that one might feel toward a respirator or a dialysis machine† (Lynn Childress, 1983) In this research I am going to study this issue in order to confirm or rule out the possibility of establishing a professional guidance that assists the nurses in decision making. This is expected to relief them from a lot of stress and confusion that are imposed as a result of dealing with the issue on personal terms rather dealing with it objectively according to professional guidance and standards. The proposal for this research will be studied under the following headings: 1.    Description of a case study 2.    Literature review 3.      Proposal 4.      Summary and Conclusions Description of a Case Study A case study either from literature or from the records of healthcare institution is expected to illustrate the extent of the problem and its importance. In addition this will emphasise the roles of nurses, relatives and patients in the decision making process. It would also highlight the difficulties facing nurses at different stages of care giving for seriously sick persons.  At this stage of building the skeleton of this research paper very little can be said about the case study until one has been adopted. Literature Review The literature generally confirms the importance of the problem and has been addressing the issues related to the problem of nutrition for sometime now. While it is suggested in the literature that in some cases of chronically ill persons the provision of nutrition is burdensome rather than beneficial, it is agreed that the interpersonal and inter-professional tensions of nurses are ignored. (Hunt, 1994) It is also pointed out that the stressful environment in which nurses provide their professional care sometimes result in burnouts. The burnout case â€Å"evolves by a process involving three stages: (a) an imbalance between resources and demands, (b) the immediate short-term emotional response to the imbalance, and (c) changes in attitude and behavior such as negativism and emotional detachment† (Riordan Saltzer, 1992). However, it is also indicated that there are personal differences here: while one may react to stressors by becoming a burnout another with personal hardiness may find the stressors only minor irritants. Riordan and Saltzer (1992) assert:  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Current literature points unanimously to a proactive approach in preventing burnout. This preserves organizational integrity by maintaining human resources and supplying cost-effective care while maintaining quality† (Riordan Saltzer, 1992). There are a number of suggestions for reducing stress and assisting nurses to cope with the environmental difficulties, though no specific guidelines or procedures are given for dealing with the problem of nutrition and hydration.  It is also indicated in the literature that nutrition and hydration in some terminal cases may only prolong the biological life which is thought to be burdensome for some patients and their families. As Hunt (1994) asserts: â€Å"Feeding may in some circumstances prolong the process of dying and may cause avoidable suffering to the dying patient.† While generally the decision of using nutrition support for the terminally ill people is discussed as a problem facing nurses, some scholars relate the decision to dietitians.  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Clinical guidelines for nutrition support indicate that dietitians should be members of institutional ethics committees and should have an integral role in institutional policy development concerning nutrition support at the end of lifeâ€Å" (Langdon et al, 2002) To put it in a nutshell the literature review confirms the dilemma facing healthcare professionals, particularly nurses, and families in dealing with the decision of providing nutrition and hydration or withholding it for chronically ill people whose illness is diagnosed as terminal. It is also confirmed that the decision making involves personal feelings, ethics, and sometimes legal consideration. Yet there are no clear professional guidelines that streamline the decision making in this issue in the professional practice. Rather there are observations of some acceptable practices. Sometimes the distinction between ordinary and extraordinary is used as a means of reaching decision.  Ã¢â‚¬Å"However, there appears to be an increasing opinion that artificial feeding can be viewed as a’heroic’ method of treatment and is morally optional (Meyers and Grodin 1991, Hoefler and Kamoie 1994, Singer 1995, Gillick 2000). This optional treatment is referred to as ‘extraordinary’ and is more likely to be invasive, artificial or complex. Nevertheless, the Hastings Centre guidelines, cited in Meyers and Grodin (1991), stated that decisions over whether to provide artificial nutrition and hydration cannot be made solely on the distinction between ordinary and extraordinary methods of treatment. Despite this, Solomon et al (1993) demonstrated that 74 per cent of health professionals continued to use this distinction in termination of treatment decisions. It would also seem that the decision was significantly influenced by whether it was a decision to withdraw treatment or simply not initiate it in the first place. The Hastings Centre guidelines stipulate that this distinction should not be a consideration (Meyers and Grodin 1991)† (Young et al, 2002). The problem of decision making in providing or withholding nutrition and hydration in the case terminally ill people is a dilemma for nurses until some professional steps are identified to make the decision an objective one made on the basis of professional judgement   rather than being a personal one affected by personal feelings, ethics, beliefs etc. Proposal Since the aim of the study is to justify a professional basis for decision making, in this study we will attempt to investigate the possibility of establishing professional guidelines that may relief the burden on nurses. This will involve identifying criteria that make withholding nutrition more beneficial to the patient than prolonging his biological life. It should also be essential to identify professional means that enable healthcare staff to decide that a patient is not making any sense of life and advise families accordingly to participate in decision making. This should be important especially when the patient is suffering pain or given morphine regularly. In order to be able to design a professional tool or procedure that assists nurses in decision making through this study or alternatively recommend further research on this issue, the study will be a non-experimental one designed to elicit the RN’s attitudes towards nutrition of chronically ill patients using survey instrumentation. The sample will be full time RNs employed by a healthcare region in hospitals and nursing homes of the region. It is advisable to include also a sample of dietitians working in the same healthcare institutions. The RNs involved need to be well informed about the study and its aims and should be positively motivated to participate in the study. It is also important for the study to be approved by a professional body that confirms the study question and methods are ethical.  The instruments of the study should be designed in a way that they measure the attitude of the study sample towards giving or withholding nutrition and hydration for a variety of terminally ill patients. It is also important to determine the internal consistency reliability for the questionnaires and structured interviews. Summary and Conclusions These will follow naturally from the analysis of data and discussions and will eventually constitute a recommendation: either a draft of a guideline for assisting nurses in decision making or alternatively suggestions for further research in order to identify a suitable professional tool for relieving the burden on nurses. References I am not going to list the references now since this is just a skeleton to discuss with your supervisor; unless you deem it necessary.  The word count may not be exactly 3500, but I think what has been written here is enough for your purposes. As soon as you give feedback on this I will start work on the proposal. How to cite Nursing and nutrition, Essay examples

Management Accounting Questions and Problems on Incremental Analysis free essay sample

1. An important step in managements decision-making process is to determine and evaluate possible courses of action. 2. In making decisions, management ordinarily considers both financial and nonfinancial information. 3. In incremental analysis, total variable costs will always change under alternative courses of action, and total fixed costs will always remain constant. 4. Accountants are mainly involved in developing nonfinancial information for managements consideration in choosing among alternatives. 5. Decision-making involves choosing among alternative courses of action. 6. Financial data are developed for a course of action under an incremental basis and then it is compared to data developed under a differential basis before a decision is made. 7. A special one-time order should never be accepted if the unit sales price is less than the unit variable cost. 8. If a company has excess capacity and present markets will not be affected, it would be profitable to accept an order at a special unit price even though the price is less than the unit variable cost to manufacture the item. We will write a custom essay sample on Management Accounting: Questions and Problems on Incremental Analysis or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page 9. A company should never accept an order for its product at less than its regular sales price. 10. A decision whether to continue to make a product or buy it externally, depends on the external price and the amount of variable and fixed costs that can be eliminated assuming no alternative uses of resources. 11. An opportunity cost is the potential benefit obtained by using resources in an alternative course of action. 12. If an incremental make or buy analysis indicates that it is cheaper to buy rather than make an item, management should always make the decision to choose the lowest cost alternative. 13. In a sell or process further decision, management should process further as long as the incremental revenues from additional processing exceed the incremental variable costs. 14. It is always better to sell now rather than process further because of the time value of money. 15. In a decision concerning replacing old equipment with new equipment, the book value of the old equipment can be considered a sunk cost. Test Bank for Managerial Accounting, Second Edition 16. In a decision to retain or replace old equipment, the salvage value of the old equipment is relevant in incremental analysis. 17. It is better not to replace old equipment if it is not fully depreciated. 18. From a quantitative standpoint, a segment should be eliminated if its contribution margin is less than the fixed costs that can be eliminated. 19. The elimination of an unprofitable product line may adversely affect the remaining product lines. 20. Sales mix is the relative combination in which a company’s products are sold. 21. Break-even sales can be computed for a mix of two or more products by determining the total contribution margin of all the products. 22. Net income will be greater if more high contribution margin units are sold than low contribution margin units at any given level of units sold. 23. When a company has limited resources to manufacture products, it should manufacture those products which have the highest contribution margin per unit of limited resource. 24. If a company has only a certain number of machine hours available for production, it is generally more profitable to produce and sell the product with the highest unit contribution margin. 25. Contribution margin per unit of limited resource is usually the same as contribution margin per unit.