Healthcare Administration Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Healthcare Administration - Term Paper Example Based on the four elements, the chief operating officer will analyze what might have caused the complaints. The operating officer should prove that the healthcare personnel responsible for treating or handling the patients owed them a duty of care. This analysis will include evaluation of all healthcare persons attached to the emergency room such as, nurses, doctors and ambulance services among others. The operating officer will analyze why the healthcare officers did not offer the patients the required standard healthcare services. Breach of duty analysis will identify whether the personnel’s action matches the standards of competent healthcare experts in the same field. Where a body of standards is used to establish whether the doctor was not negligent, such standards must be logical and rational (Showalter, 2012). The operating officer also establishes the causation of violation of duty of care by the doctor. In establishing what damages were caused to the patient, the oper ating officer must seek to identify whether the damage was caused by negligence of the healthcare personnel or limitations in resources at the emergency room. The officer should interrogate the available resources in the emergency room against the high turnover of patients to know the cause of complain against the clinic. A strategic plan for overcoming the problems associated with the current ER. The strategic plan will involve optimization of the patients’ pathway in the emergency room. Currently, the emergency room is experiencing an increased demand for emergency services. This growth is attributable to an increased in the number of minor and moderate injuries, which has overstretched the facility capacity and resources. The current system of admission is using static information to plan and manage the incoming patients, admissions and discharging and is unable to provide sufficient information for capacity planning (Richards & Rathbun, 1999) Dynamic information system wi ll be capable of highlighting peak volumes and suggest shortage of capacity as perceived by the staff. Capacity planning is based on averages although peak number of patient in ER at a certain time of the day or month is critical. Dynamic System Simulation can be used as a decision making tool readily available, cheap, and efficient to use and optimize in several processes. It mimic an actual process over by including basic hypothesis of a â€Å"what if† analysis. The information system will help the clinic produce information to be used in making appropriate decisions, solve capacity problems of emergency room and facilitate the planning process by the management (Journal of Trauma Management & Outcome). The â€Å"Good Samaritan Law† effect on the appropriate treatment of the ER patients Good Samaritan refers to a person who offers aid in an emergency situation to a person wounded on a voluntary basis. The person giving care to a stranger owes the stranger a duty of b eing reasonably careful. In the medical sense, a Good Samaritan is a professional medical practitioner who gives medical care to a person in an urgent situation. The rescuer helps the sick without any duty to care and with no monetary compensation expected in return. An example is a medical practitioner who comes upon a motor vehicle accident spot. The person who responds and offers aid to injured acts as a Good

Water Resource Issue in Isokoland

Water Resource Issue in Isokoland WATER RESOURCE PROBLEMS IN ISOKOLAND S.I. Efe INTRODUCTION Water is one of the basic necessities of life next to air, food and shelter. But its provision varies from place to place in accordance with its yield in the hydrological setting and climatic characteristics in that area. The coastal location and the equatorial climate of Isokoland precipitated in heavy and long duration rainfall of over 3000mm per annum, and last for 10—11 months per annum (Efe, 2007). This scenario over the years has endowed the entire Isokoland with abundant groundwater and surface water recharge. But the discussion of water resources in the region has been glossed over to discussing those of Nigeria and Delta State water problem (see Ayoadc and Oycbande, 1983 and Efe and Olobaniyi, 2007). As such information of water resources in Isokoland is lacking in literature. Thus, this study of water resources in Isokoland is timely at this time when there is a global shortage of water supply. This paper is set to examine the sources, methods of purifying domestic w ater, factors of inadequate water supply and management measures adopted over the years in Isokoland. Physio-graphically, Isokoland is located in a low-lying area of >l0m above sea level, and ii is drained by River Ase that is characterized with deep valley from which sand bars and fine materials are washed to its lower course. This area is also underlain by tertiary sedimentary formation, which has led to the variation in water depth, quality and yield. For instance, water level increases from 0 — 4m throughout the year and this scenario has encouraged abundant water supply in Isokoland. Methods of Data Collection Field survey research design was adopted for data collection with the aid of direct field observation and administration of questionnaires. Direct counting of water projects was carried out in the major accessible streets in Ozoro, Oleh and surrounding villages (where the questionnaires were administered) and also to ascertain their operators (from 6th August 11th August, 2007). The questionnaires were administered through systematic random sampling of 5 household intervals in each street, and the literate person in each household was used. The researcher with the 300 level students of Geography and Regional Planning 2006/2007 session on fieldwork waited and collected the questionnaire immediately from the respondents on completion. A test-retest technique of administering 10 questionnaires at two different occasions was employed with the aid of Spearman’s Rank correlation analysis with r-value of 0.83, and the researcher did a facial content validity. Descriptive statistics were employed and the results arc discussed below. Results and Discussion The data collected from the field are presented in Tables 1— 4 and discussed below. Sources of Water and Methods of Collection There are three (3) basic sources of water supply in Isokoland, which include rainwater, bores and surface water. rflle predominant sources of water supply for Isokoland is rainwater harvesting, which indicates 53%. This is followed by bores (44%) and river/stream (3%). Comparing urban-rural water sources showed that most urban dwellers of Ozoro and Oleh patronize bores than the two water sources. This, however, negates the earlier view of Efe (2005) that 20% of Ozoro dwellers are engage in rainwater harvesting and in the rural areas of Ada, Ellu, Oyede, Ivwrogbo, and Ovorode etc, rainwater harvesting is vigorously carried out in these area (see table 1). Table 3.1: Sources of domestic water supply Source: Fieldwork, 2007 The disparities in these sources of domestic water could be ascribed to differential in income level, awareness and the price. On the other hand, only 3% of those residing at Ivwrogbo get their domestic water from River Ase. However, in the rural communities where rainwater harvesting is being practiced, the rainwater is harvested from corrugated roofing sheets and collected through gutter into Bowls, Basin and Buckets. This is evident from 59% of the respondents that employed these methods. On the other hand, the inhabitants also employed the following means of water storage: artificial well (17%), Jerry can (17%) and Tanks (7%) (see Table 2). On the other hand, the domestic water supply gotten from bores at Ozoro and Oleh is stored in tanks with 65% in private bores, and 35% in commercial. However, water gotten from the public taps are stored in bowl and jerry cans in various homes visited. From the communities visited, a total of 97 water bores were counted in area where the questionnaires where administered. Out of the 97 bores, a total of 59 bores are owned and maintained by private individuals for their private uses, 36 bores owned by private individuals but commercialized, while only 2 bores are owned and serviced by the State Water Board (see ‘fable 3). Table 3.3: Bores in Isokoland Water Treatments and Provider of Water Table 3.4 reveals that most of the inhabitants of Isokoland do not purify their domestic water before consumption. This is evident from 73% of the inhabitants who opined that they do not treat their water before consumption. While 27% indicated that they purify their water before consumption, they do it with the introduction of alum and by boiling. However these are some of the elite class found in the urban areas of Ozoro and Oieh, Asked why filtration and chlorination method is not adopted in their water purification, they all responded that it is time wasting and involve large capital outlay. Even the public water supplied by the State Water l3oard in Ozoro is not purified. Official of the State Water Board said that since the water is underground water, it does not need treatment more or less that there are no reported cases of water borne diseases in the area. Most inhabitants of Ozoro, Oleh, Ada, Oyede and Ellu etc patronize private water supply. About 60% of the inhabitants of Isokoland patronize private bores that often pay between #3 #10 for 20 litres of water (see tables 3.2 and 3.5). Table 3.5: Providers of domestic water Source: Fieldwork, 2007 This price however varies with the availability of electricity in the area. For instance, when there is regular power supply 20 litres of water is sold for #3, but if generator is used in pumping the water, it is then sold for between #5 — #10. r1his price according to inhabitants of the area has invariably reduced the quantity of water utilized from this source to 20 litres; and during the wet season most of the inhabitants store more rainwater for domestic uses. The age of the bores in Isokoland fell within the 25 years acceptable useful threshold. For instance, most of the bores for domestic water supply in the area was dug over 10 years ago, as such most of the bores still have 15 years of useful life (United States Environmental Protection Agency, EPA, 2004). There is, therefore, the need to replace the pumping equipment (submersible pump) and the hydro-pneumatic tank for water storage. These equipment’s have attained their maximum useful age of 10 years. Factors of Inadequate Water Supply and Management Measures There is generally an inadequate water supply in Isokoland. This is evident in most communities visited. For instance, in all the rural areas visited (Ada, Oyede, Ivwrogbo, Ellu etc.) there is virtually the absence of potable water supply. What could be seen in these communities is the presence of private bores and private commercial bores owners who dispense water to their individual homes and as well sell water to the public at the cost of #3 #10. Some manual motorized hand pump in some of the communities (Irri, Oyede, Ellu etc.) is not functioning. Even at Ozoro where the urban water board dispenses water, the people complained of erratic water supply and at times no supply for some weeks. From the above problems, the inhabitants identified the following factors as being responsible for inadequate water supply in Isokoland. Epileptic power supply ranked the highest factor of inadequate water supply in Isokoland, According to most of the inhabitants (93%), frequent power failure always leads to increase in price of water and reduction in the quantity of water consumed per household daily in the area, To overcome this problem government should ensure regular power supply to Isokoland. The respondents ranked inadequate budgetary allocation and lack of maintenance culture equal as factors of inadequate water supply. Funds allocated to this sector by the Local and State Governments over the years is grossly inadequate and as such there is usually the difficulty in the provision of water to most of the communities in isokoland, and at times these funds are not even enough to maintain the existing water projects not to talk of investing in new water projects. There is, therefore, the need for the provision of enough fund for the provision of water supply to these communities most especially all the rural communities of Isokoland since most of the inhabitants live below the poverty threshold of one dollar ($1) a day. rfhere is also the need for more private and non-governmental sector participation in water supply to improve the current rate of supply. It is also recommended that since government cannot provide regular electricity supply to the area, it should abolish t he charging of #5,000 and #10,000 for the private and commercial bore owners respectively. Similarly, since the disturbing network or system of the Ozoro water supply is over-aged (29 years) there is the need for the replacement of most of the pipes, though they still have 6 years of useful life (EPA, 2004). Other factors arc carelessness and indiscriminate wastage and theft. It was observed that some adults and children play with the water by opening it down to run continually and occasionally fight ensue between individual, that often led to destruction of ta head, pipes etc. Also some submersible pumps have been stole most especially those in the rural communities and partly those in Ozoro and Oleh. To overcome these, there should be mass education on the need to take care of public utility in their communities and anyone caught stealing water equipment should be made to face the wrath of the law irrespective of his/her social or political class. Conclusion: The study has been able to examine the water resource problems of Isokoland and has revealed that the livelihood and longevity of life of the people of Isokoland will not only depend heavily on portable water supply but on regular water provision to the rural and urban communities. To ensure this, there is need to implement the above policy measures. REFERENCES Ayoade, J.O. and Oyebande, L. (1983), ‘Water Resources’ in Oguntoyinbo et al (ed) Geography of Nigeria Development, Ibadan, Heinemann. Efe, S.I. (2005), ‘Problems of Water Supply in the Rural Communities of Delta State, Nigeria. International Journal of Ecology and Environmental Dynamics Vol. 3. pp.14 — 23. Efe, S.I. (2007), ‘Climate of Delta State’ in Izomoh, S.O. Ct al (ed) Delta in Maps, Occasional Publications Department of Geography and Regional Planning, Delta State University, Abraka. Efe, S.1. and Olobaniyi, S.13. (2007), ‘Water Resources’ in Izomoh, S.O. et al (ed) Delta in Maps, Occasional Publications Department of Geography and Regional Planning, Delta State University, Abraka. EPA (2004), Taking Stock of your Water System. A simple asset inventory for small drinking water system. www.epa.gov/safewater, p4.

The Black Death :: essays research papers

The Black Death Early historians argued about the origin of The Black Death. Many, Christians who witnessed the carnage brought on by The Plague, believed that it came from the Jesuits, and that the Jews had poisoned the wells and groundwater, this type of thinking brought about the death of many Jews. Some believed that it came from the 'land of darkness' (Mongolia) Modern day chroniclers agree that The Black Death moved from east to west spreading like a shadow, crossing from India to China to Europe. Lois Sanctus of Avignon reasoned that The Plague originated in India, and notes that it had arrived on the Mediterranean coast of France in 1347. Historian and scholar Nicephorus Gregoras from Constantinople testified that in 1347 the disease had invaded humanity starting from Scythia, (southern Russia) and spread to Maeotis and the mouth of the Tanais, (Don River) and lasted throughout the year. Still another testimony from a Muslim author, Ibn al-Wardi claims that the Black Death had been present in the Mongol Empire as early as 1331 before spreading to India and China. Most historians today however agree that The Plague was carried by fleas, living on rats in the Asian Steppes, and were transported by Mongol armies moving east. The Plague would then have spread through the rest of Europe via merchant trading. Michele Da Piazza a Franciscan friar in the convent of Catania in Sicily succumbed to the disease, but not before noting the symptoms of The Plague including pustules on the arms and legs, and that The Plague penetrated the body so that its victims coughed up blood from the mouth and nose for days before the dying. Giovanni Boccaccio, a writer from Florence noticed further symptoms, certain swellings in the groin or armpit, roughly the size of an apple, accompanied by death. Further documentation from Lois Sanctus of Avignon states that The Plague had three definitive forms, Bubonic ? Painful swelling of the lymph nodes in the arm pits and the groin. Pneumonic ? affects the respiratory system. Septicemic ? The poisoning of the blood. It was believed that one could become afflicted if you so much as looked at an infected person. The Plague would however have been spread like the common cold, through physical contact or airborne contact. Medieval doctors of the 14th century were far lacking in the medical technology that we rely on today. Chroniclers of the Black Death attacked medical practitioners, accusing them of being cowards, incompetent and greedy.

Discuss how Ralph changes in the course of the novel

Lord of the Flies Short Essay Discuss how Ralph changes in the course of the novel and why these changes occur. Ralph is an English schoolboy who is stranded on an isolated island without adults together with the other boys after a plane crash. He tries to establish a civilized society with rules and order by blowing the conch to assemble the boys. His charismatic nature allows him to be elected the leader. Rally's changes throughout the story can also be reflected by his changing perception on Piggy. â€Å"At the beginning: bullies PiggyAs the story progresses: has become more dependent on logical thinking and Is more determined to rebuild the community with the help of Piggy and his rational mind â€Å"Rally's perception towards Piggy has changed from an inferior boy with physical illnesses to an intelligent true friend by the end of the story He has changed from a bully to a mature boy and a responsible leader who understands the need to establish a civilized society with democr acy He relies on Piggy's reminders and his intelligence to call assemblies and make himself clear->He treasures Piggy and ales his opinions Piggy's Intelligence has a great Influence on Ralph (how adults perceive the world)† Examples: â€Å"Exercised verbal violence on Piggy (sucks to your ass- mar/auntie) Insisted on calling him the name he hates-â€Å"Apply', laughed at his name â€Å"Ralph wept for the end of Innocence, the darkness of man's heart, and the fall through the air of the true, wise friend called Piggy. † â€Å"Seeing how savage the boys like Jack and Roger can be while having Piggy as his companion,By Caring As the story progresses: has become more dependent on logical thinking and is more establish a civilized society with democracy He relies on Piggy's reminders and his values his opinions Piggy's intelligence has a great influence on Ralph (how adults mar/auntie) Insisted on calling him the name he hates-â€Å"PiggY', laughed at his name Ralph wep t for the end of innocence, the darkness of man's heart, and the fall need to maintain rational thinking all the time (like Piggy) in order not to degenerate and is therefore, not lured by the temptation of food More determined to maintain Jack Piggy as â€Å"role model† as he thinks in a logical manner and has enough knowledge to comprehend how adults' may think† â€Å"†Piggy could think. He could go step by step inside that fat head of his, only Piggy was no chief. But Piggy, for all his while maintaining a rational mind thanks to the constant reminders from Piggy

Case Law and the Doctrine of Precedent Essay

In this essay I will be discussing several points of interest that will help me answer the given question. My first point is on the Hierarchy of the courts. In this point I will explain the different ‘levels’ there are in the English system. My second point is Stare Decisis and what it is. This point is made up of several questions that I will answer; why have binding precedent? What has to be followed? That is Obiter Dicta and Ratio Decidendi? What is persuasive precedent and who uses it and how it is used? When is a judge bound? Can the Stare Decisis be avoided? And lastly: How has Stare Decisis handicapped the development of the English law? The hierarchy of the courts The English system is made up of a hierarchy of courts. Hierarchal means that the courts which are high in the system hear appeals from the ones below them. The decisions made in the higher courts are of great importance. The bottom courts are known as foot soldiers and are at the bottom of the system. Some courts in this rank are the Magistrates court, the Youth court, the Coroners court and the County court. These courts hear cases daily and are which the average person will find themselves in for debt, injuries, car accidents and low level criminal offences. They are of a good amount of importance because they make decisions for justice daily. These courts however have little impact on the development of law except as a source for cases which may then be heard or appealed to higher courts. Since these courts are the lowest they do not bind any other court except themselves. There are two courts on the higher level. The High court which deals with cases pertaining to civil matter of unlimited value and the Crown court which deals with serious criminal offences. The High court has four sections: the Chancery division which deals with matters pertaining to equity, the Family division which deals with family matters, the Queen’s Bench division which deals with civil matters and the Divisional court who hears the appeals from civil prerogatives of the lower courts. The High court is not bound by its previous decisions but it can make precedents for the courts below it. Like the High court, the Crown court is bound by all higher courts. It doesn’t make binding precedents but their judgments form persuasive precedents when a High court judge sits in the Crown court. It also is not bound by its past decisions. The Court of Appeal is the next step higher. This court is the most important of the hierarchy even though it is not at the top of the system. This court is important because it hears appeals from lower courts in both the criminal and civil matters. There are three judges who sit to hear an appeal. Two of these judges must be Lord of Justices of Appeal. The third judge could either be a judge from the High Court or the Supreme Court. The name given to the head of the Court of Appeal is the Master of the Rolls. The Supreme Court is the highest appellate court in the hierarchy. It hears cases on appeal from the Court of Appeal. Sometimes the appeal will come straight from the High Court or the Crown Court. This only happens if there is a case which involves the important question of the law. The people who sit in the Supreme Court are called Justices of the Supreme Court. There are at least three to five Justices who sit to hear appeals. It the case is very important than seven sit to hear the case. There can only be at most twelve Justices in the Supreme Court. The Privy Council is the highest court in the Commonwealth nations and civil appeals. Some of the judges who sit in the Privy Council are those which make up the Supreme Court. The Privy Council is not a part of the hierarchal system and so its decisions do not bind the English Courts. Even though the decision of the Privy Council does not bind English courts, the judges are the same that make up the Supreme Court of England; there is a section of the Supreme Court that is persuasive precedent. Following the case of R v James Karimi (2006) the Court of Appeal found out that in certain circumstances the Privy Council can bind the English courts and overrule previous precedent. Stare Decisis Stare Decisis means ‘to stand by things decided.’ Stare Decisis is one of the main things that makes up the case law system. This makes judges bound to follow the previous decisions of higher courts in similar cases. This simply means that judges must obey previous judicial decisions of higher courts. This question is often asked: Why have Stare Decisis and why not let judges use their own conscience and wisdom to decide a case? As with everything there are advantages and disadvantages of creating something. The advantages of having Stare Decisis are that it promotes certainty, consistency and predictability. Professor Geldhart said that certainty is promoted by consistency of judicial making. Similar cases should have the same outcome. Certainty promotes predictability and this reduces the possibility for trial because everyone will know how certain cases will be decided.it also limits the potential for the declaratory theory to take effect. The theory is put into place to reduce judges who are not elected not to make law. The role of the judges is to apply and interpret. Law is made in Parliament and it represents the will of the people who elect the members of parliament. It also promotes justice. This type of justice is Aristotlean justice. This means that fairness is given equally of legal principles. The system is the same for everyone and so similar cases should be dealt with the same way. Disadvantages are that it makes the law rigid and inflexible. The law is not able to develop and is stuck. Precedent binds even if it is old and outdated. The discretion of the judge is that he must follow and abide by the decisions made by the judges before him no matter how old or outdated it may be. This also makes the law stuck and not develops to meet the modern day changes. The amount of case law precedent adds up to uncertainty. Case law and its precedents are contained in thousands of reports starting from the middle ages. It is difficult for lawyers and courts to go through them and find similar cases. It is not easy for judges to find the binding part (Ratio Decidendi) of any case. Ratio Decidendi is the reason for coming to the decision. This is the principle in which the court uses to make a decision. The ratio is the rule expressed by the judge to the extent that is necessary for the judge to come to his decision. Obiter Dicta are the things said by the way and other things which so not make up part of the decision making. When is a Judge Bound? As I stated earlier, a court must follow the decision of a higher court and its earlier decision. The system works in a way that makes binding precedent operate in a way to tie the hands of the judge. When the ratio binds any part of a court depends on the original decision that was made. The Supreme Court binds the Court of Appeal, which binds the High Court which binds the Magistrates, Crown and County court. Courts also bind themselves because of its earlier decisions. The only exception is the Supreme Court who makes its own decisions and is not bound by any other court because it is the most senior. Before 1966- Judicial Precedent HoL announced that they would no longer consider themselves absolutely bound to follow their previous decisions. Binding precedent remains the foundation of the English System of case law. The earlier decisions were based on conditions which no longer triumph and in modern conditions the law ought to be different. Judges are bound by similar cases. Judges in the latter case are bound to apply the same ratio used in early court where the two cases were based on the same issue. If the matter of a case is similar but has facts that similar to al later case, they differ and the issues are not all similar and the court is then not bound to apply the earlier precedent. This is called distinguishing. Can the Doctrine of Stare Decisis be avoided? Reversing occurs when a court higher up in the hierarchy downturns the decision of a lower court in the same case. A decision made in a certain case by the Court of Appeal will bind all future lower courts and it would bind itself. This can be avoided id the appeal went straight to the Supreme Court who would reach a different decision. The court of Appeal’s decision would have been short-lived precedent and the Supreme Court decision will take place of the previous one. Overruling is replacing one precedent with another which helps develop the law. Reversing is where a higher court substitutes a principle made by a lower court in the same case. Overruling involves a higher case substituting a principle set down by a lower court in a different and earlier case. My conclusion is thus; the principle of Stare Decisis has handicapped the development of the English Law because it makes the law rigid and inflexible. The law is not able to develop and is stuck. Precedent binds even if it is old and outdated. The discretion of the judge is that he must follow and abide by the decisions made by the judges before him no matter how old or outdated it may be. This also makes the law stuck and not develops to meet the modern day changes. The amount of case law precedent adds up to uncertainty. Case law and its precedents are contained in thousands of reports starting from the middle ages. It is difficult for lawyers and courts to go through them and find similar cases. It is not easy for judges to find the binding part (Ratio Decidendi) of any case. View as multi-pages

V Einführung in die Ethik †Deutsch Essay

V Einfà ¼hrung in die Ethik – Deutsch Essay Free Online Research Papers V Einfà ¼hrung in die Ethik Deutsch Essay Nach Aristoteles besteht das hà ¶chste Gut des menschlichen Handelns in der Glà ¼ckseligkeit. Es gibt ein bestimmtes Gut, nachdem jedes menschliche Handeln strebt und weswegen der Mensch à ¼berhaupt Handlungen vollzieht (NE, I. Buch, 13., S.127, Z.35-40 „Fà ¼r uns ergibt sich aus dem Gesagten klar, dass die Glà ¼ckseligkeit zum Ehrwà ¼rdigen und Vollkommenden gehà ¶rt. Dies scheint auch daher zu kommen, dass sie ein Ursprung ist. Denn um ihretwillen machen wir alles à ¼brige;†¦.â€Å"). Um dieses hà ¶chste Gut zu bestimmen, beginnt Aristoteles erst mal damit, die Bedeutung von Handlung zu klren. Alle Handlung erstrebt ein Gut, d.h. die Handlung erfolgt um Willen eines Gutes, was die Handlung in ihrem Wesen bestimmt (konstitutives Merkmal) (siehe NE, I. Buch, 1., S.105 Z.1-4). Damit erfolgt das Handeln des Menschen nach dem Prinzip des menschlichen Tuns verursacht durch ein Gut, und ist kein natà ¼rliches Geschehnis wie das Naturereignis. Dabei ist Handlung das Mittel zum erstrebten Gut als Zweck (instrumentell gut). Nach Erreichung des erstrebten Gutes aber kann dieses wiederum zum Mittel (menschliche Handlung) fà ¼r ein weiteres zu erstrebendes Gut als Zwec k dienen und dies kann sich immer weiter fortsetzen. Damit erklrt sich der eine Zweck (Gut) à ¼ber den Anderen. Es muss aber ein bestimmtes Gut als Endzweck geben, umdessen Willen sich alle menschlichen Handlungen als Zwecke vollziehen. Dieser hà ¶chste Begriff fà ¼r Gut, die Glà ¼ckseligkeit, erklrt sich à ¼ber sich selbst, als Ursache allen menschlichen Handelns und Endziel zugleich (NE, I. Buch, 1., S.105, Z.18-22 „Wenn es aber ein Ziel des Handelns gibt, das wir um seiner selbst willen wollen und das andere um seinetwillen; wenn wir also nicht alles um eines andern willen erstreben (denn so ginge es ins Unbegrenzte, und das Streben wre leer und sinnlos), dann ist es klar, dass jenes das Gute und das Beste istâ€Å"). Wie kann der Mensch also zum glà ¼ckseligen Leben kommen? Aristoteles sagt, indem er ein vernunftgemßes Leben fà ¼hrt, d.h. der nach den Tugenden handelt, also moralisch gut. Denn die Verwirklichung von Moral ist Element des Glà ¼cks (untrennbar m iteinander verbunden). Da der Mensch mit dem Vermà ¶gen der Vernunft ausgestattet ist (Artbegriff des Menschen, Wesensbestimmung), jedoch auch die Fhigkeit des sinnlichen Begehrens (Trieb, Lust) besitzt, die avernà ¼nftig (wie beim Tier) ist, ist es notwendig, à ¼ber die Ausà ¼bung ethischer Tugend (alle Tugend ist nicht naturgegeben) mit Avernà ¼nftigem vernà ¼nftig umzugehen (NE, II. Buch, 2., S.134, Z.9-10 „So bezieht sich also die ethische Tugend auf Lust und Schmerz. Denn wegen der Lust tun wir das Schlechte, und wegen des Schmerzes versumen wir das Gute.â€Å") Dazu gilt es, dass der Mensch tugendhafte Ttigkeit (z.B. gerechtes Handeln) ausà ¼bt. Von dem Zeitpunkt an beginnt er tugendhafte Eigenschaft (Gerechtsein) zu erwerben und kommt damit in den Besitz der Tugend. Tugend auszuà ¼ben heißt also, die Glà ¼ckseligkeit zu verwirklichen (NE, I. Buch, 10., S.121, Z.14-18 „†¦; jedenfalls aber, auch wenn sie nicht von Gott geschickt wird, sondern durch Tugend und eine Art von Lernen oder ÃÅ"bung zustande kommt, so gehà ¶rt sie doch zu den gà ¶ttlichsten Dingen. Denn der Preis und das Ziel der Tugend scheint das Beste zu sein und ein Gà ¶ttliches und Seliges.â€Å") Dazu benà ¶tigt der Mensch jedoch Menschen, die schon im Besitz der fà ¼r ihn zu erlernenden verstandesmßigen Tugenden und als sein Erzieher ttig sind, d.h. Tugend wird erworben (NE, II. Buch, 1., S.132, Z.21-25 „†¦: die Eigenschaften entstehen aus den entsprechenden Ttigkeiten. Darum muss man die Ttigkeiten in bestimmter Weise formen. Denn von deren Besonderheiten hngen dann die Eigenschaften ab. Es kommt also nicht wenig darauf an, ob man gleich von Jugend auf an dies oder jenes gewà ¶hnt wird; es kommt viel darauf an, ja sogar alles.â€Å", NE, II. Buch, 2., S.134, Z.11-14 „Also mà ¼ssen wir gleich von Jugend an dazu erzogen werden, wie Platon sagt, dass wir Freude und Schmerz empfinden, wo wir sollen. Denn darin besteht die rechte Erziehung.â€Å"). Da menschliche Handlung das Gute erstrebt und damit gewollt ist, ist eine schlechte, verwerfliche Handlung (z.B. Mord) eines Menschen nicht gewollt, sondern ist eine Wahrnehmungstuschung desjenigen, der nicht tugendhaft handelt (NE, III. Buch, 6., S158, Z.16 „Das Wollen dagegen geht auf das Ziel, wie wir sagten;†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å", Z.18-20 „Jene nun die sagen, dass das Gewollte das Gute sei, kommen dazu, anzunehmen, dass dasjenige gar nicht gewollt sei, was einer auf Grund einer unrichtigen Wahl will; denn wenn es gewollt wre, wre es auch gut; es traf sich aber, dass es schlecht war.â€Å"). Der Tugendhafte aber, der seine Handlungen vernunftgemß auf das Gute ausrichtet, erkennt, ob etwas Gut ist oder nicht/eine bloße Vorstellung v om Guten ist (NE, III. Buch, 6., S159, Z.29-37 „ Denn der Edle beurteilt jedes Einzelne richtig, und in jedem Einzelnen erscheint ihm die Wahrheit. Denn fà ¼r jede Verfassung gibt es eigenes Schà ¶nes und Angenehmes, und vielleicht zeichnet sich der Edle gerade dadurch am meisten aus, dass er in jedem Einzelnen die Wahrheit erkennt, da er gewissermaßen Richtschnur und Maß dafà ¼r ist. Die Leute dagegen scheinen sich durch die Lust tuschen zu lassen. Denn sie ist nicht gut und scheint doch so. So whlen sie also die Lust als ein Gutes und meiden den Schmerz als ein Schlechtes.â€Å"). Somit verwirklicht der tugendhafte Mensch Glà ¼ckseligkeit. Fà ¼r Kant hingegen ist alles menschliche Handeln nach dem Unbedingt Guten ausgerichtet. Das Unbedingt Gute kann nur der gute Wille und damit das Handeln durch die Vorstellung von dem Gesetz der praktischen Vernunft (moralisches Gesetz) sein. Die Vernunft leitet dabei die Handlung gesetzmßig aus sich selbst heraus ab. Weil der Mensch praktische Vernunft besitzt, verfà ¼gt er à ¼ber die Kategorie der Pflicht, d.h. er handelt aus Pflicht, bestimmt durch das Unbedingt Gute. Die Handlung aus Pflicht ist nicht zweckgebunden, weil der Grund einzig und allein in dem Gesetz des Wollens/dem Gesetz der Vernunft selbst liegt (Sittengesetz, moralisches Gesetz) und somit unbedingter praktischer Notwendigkeit unterliegt (z.B. „Es ist notwendig ihm zu helfen.â€Å"). Die Vernunft bestimmt das Wesen des Menschen (sittliche Persà ¶nlichkeit), sie ist dem Menschen als hà ¶chstes Vermà ¶gen naturgegeben und er handelt aus Achtung des Gesetzes der Vernunft (sittlich, moralisch). Dazu ste llt Kant als unbedingt allgemeingà ¼ltiges Prinzip der praktischen Vernunft den Kategorischen Imperativ auf: „Du kannst, denn du sollst!â€Å". Da der Mensch aber neben dem Vernunftvermà ¶gen auch ein sinnliches Vermà ¶gen besitzt, trifft auf den Willen, der seinen Ursprung in der Vernunft hat, die Neigung, und beeinflusst den Willen. Aus der Nà ¶tigung des Willens durch Neigung erfolgt dann eine zweckabhngige Form von Handlung (z.B. „Es ist notwendig ihm zu helfen, weil ich ihn liebe.â€Å"). Die Gà ¼te solcher Handlung ist bedingt praktisch notwendig, da sie abhngig von Neigung ist (Hypothetischer Imperativ). Diese Form von Handlung kann somit keinen moralischen Wert haben, weil sie nicht der Vernunft entspringt. Eine Handlung besitzt einen moralischen Wert, wenn diese aus der Pflicht heraus und nicht pflichtmßig (aus Pflicht und Neigung) vollzogen wird (GMS BA 12, 13 „†¦: eine Handlung aus Pflicht hat ihren moralischen Wert nicht in der Absicht, welche dadurch erreicht werden soll, sondern in der Maxime nach der sie beschlossen wird, hngt also nicht von der Wirklichkeit des Gegenstandes der Handlung ab, sondern bloß von dem Prinzip des Wollens, nach welchem die Handlung, unangesehen aller Gegenstnde des Begehrungsvermà ¶gens, geschehen ist.â€Å"). Da es nach Kant die Pflicht des Menschen ist, aus Achtung des Gesetzes der Vernunft heraus zu handeln, mà ¼sste er, wenn er ein unwahres Versprechen macht, bereit dazu sein, dass das alle anderen Menschen auch tun (GMS BA 18,19 „†¦: wà ¼rde ich wohl damit zufrieden sein, dass meine Maxime (mich durch ein unwahres Versprechen aus Verlegenheit zu ziehen) als ein allgemeines Gesetz (sowohl fà ¼r mich als auch andere) gelten solle, †¦?â€Å"). Dazu wiederum kann er nicht bereit sein, und das hat nichts mit dem Là ¼gen an sich zu tun und auch nicht mit der mà ¶glichen Auswirkung, dass dem Là ¼genden oder dem Belogenen daraus ein Nachteil entstehen kann. Sondern der Mensch kann nicht wollen, dass aus seinem unwahren Versprechen ein allgemeines Gesetz entsteht, weil, wà ¼rde es Jeder tun oder tun dà ¼rfen, wà ¼rde es kein Versprechen mehr geben. Somit schließt sich der Kreis, nmlich der, dass das Handeln aus dem Gesetz der praktischen Vernunft, und damit das H andeln aus Pflicht durch das Unbedingt Gute, im Wert à ¼ber dem der aus Neigung steht, nmlich als hà ¶chstes Vermà ¶gen (siehe GMS BA 20). Gibt ein Mensch also ein Versprechen, das er nicht beabsichtigt zu halten, ist dies aus Kants Sicht unmoralisch, weil der Mensch aus sich heraus nicht wollen kann, dass diese Handlung zum allgemeinen Gesetz wird. Nach Kant ist es also ein notwendiges Gesetz fà ¼r den Menschen, nach dem allgemeinen Prinzip der praktischen Vernunft (Kategorischen Imperativ) zu handeln, ansonsten handelt er unmoralisch. Dies ist die Antwort auf seine eigens gestellte Frage (siehe GMS BA 62). Denn der Mensch kann aus sich selbst heraus, als vernà ¼nftige Natur und absoluter Zweck nicht den Wunsch haben, das seine Handlung aus relativen Zwecken, den Neigungen heraus (Hypothetischer Imperativ) erfolgt, wie es bei einer unmoralischen Handlung der Fall ist. Denn der Wille des Menschen (der Mensch selbst) entfaltet sich aus dem Kategorischen Imperativ heraus. Es gilt deswegen nach Kant, dass der Mensch jederzeit nach den „Gesetzen des Willensâ€Å", dem Unbedingt Guten (Kategorischer Imperativ) handeln soll und niemals nur nach den „Gesetzen der Neigungâ€Å" (Hypotethischer Imperativ), was sinngemß sein daraufhin aufgestellter Praktischer Imperativ (siehe GMS BA 67) aussagt. Kants Begrà ¼ndung erschließt sich mir einleuchtend, dass ich mich, kraftdessen, das ich ein menschliches Vernunftwesen bin, aus dem Kategorischen Imperativ entfalte. Denn wre ich ohne Vernunft in mir, so htte ich keinen Willen und wà ¼rde Handlungen ausschließlich nur aus meinen Neigungen, wie z.B. aus Lust heraus vollziehen. Ich wà ¼rde demnach keine Verantwortung fà ¼r mich selbst und fà ¼r Andere à ¼bernehmen kà ¶nnen und damit unmoralisch handeln. Dass der Kategorische Imperativ zutrifft, zeigt mir mein Gewissen, als Teil dessen. Habe ich unmoralisch gehandelt und versuche mir meine bedingt notwendige Handlung zu erklren, setzt mein Gewissen ein, indem es mir vor Augen hlt: „Du httest anders handeln kà ¶nnen, weil du gesollt hastâ€Å". Das moralische Gesetz ist also apodiktisch in mir selbst vorhanden. Quellenangaben: 1.) Deutscher Taschenbuch Verlag GmbH Co KG (Ed.) (6. Auflage Juli 2004): Aristoteles. Die Nikomachische Ethik, Mà ¼nchen: Deutscher Taschenbuch Verlag. 2.) Weischedel, Wilhelm (Ed.) (1. Auflage 1974): Kritik der praktischen Vernunft. Grundlegung zur Metaphysik der Sitten, Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp Verlag. Research Papers on V Einfà ¼hrung in die Ethik - Deutsch EssayThe Masque of the Red Death Room meaningsAnalysis Of A Cosmetics AdvertisementComparison: Letter from Birmingham and CritoMoral and Ethical Issues in Hiring New EmployeesHarry Potter and the Deathly Hallows EssayRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andWhere Wild and West MeetBringing Democracy to AfricaEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenCapital Punishment

The Cost of Illegal Immigration

The Cost of Illegal Immigration Illegal Immigration PAGE \* MERGEFORMAT 1 Running Head: ILLEGAL IMMIGRATIONThe Cost of Illegal Immigration and the Securement of the Southern BorderThe Cost of Illegal Immigration and the Securement of the Southern BorderAbstractThe United States government has failed to curb the influx of illegal immigration from Mexico. The costs associated with harboring illegal immigrants and their children is climbing as the population of illegal Mexican immigrants soars to over 13 million. The current administration does not discourage illegal immigration, but rewards the deeds of those who enter America illegally. Illegal immigrants from Mexico have also begun to make up a significant percentage of the U.S. prison population. Without decisive action to reduce the amount of illegal immigration from Mexico, the costs associated with illegal immigration will have a dramatic effect on the already fragile economy.The Cost of Illegal Immigration and the Securement of the Southern BorderThe failure of the government to secure the southern borders against an influx of illegal immigration from Mexico has created a huge financial burden on the individual states and the Federal Government.Illegal Immigration of Bangli Kalar into Arakan St...In July of 2010 the cost of harboring illegal immigrants in the United States was estimated to be $113 billion. The dollar estimate was included in a report compiled by the Federation for American Immigration Reform (FAIR). The study by FAIR is the first to detail the financial implications of illegal immigration. The report highlights two approaches in the highly charged immigration debate. The first aims to reduce the current population of illegal immigrants by denying certain opportunities and increasing deportation. The second approach would be to grant amnesty to those already here, which would also increase the level of illegal immigration. Amnesty would create immediate economic consequences that the Federal Government is not prepared...